



■tfft 



DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Albert B. Fall, Secretary 



United States Geological Survey 

George Otis Smith, Director 



Water-Supply Paper 490-D 



ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLAGES 

IN THE PAPAGO COUNTRY 

ARIZONA 



BY 



KIRK BRYAN 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1922 



Jltuuu&i u^H 



r r 



DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Albert B. Fall, Secretary 



United States Geological Survey 

George Otis Smith, Director 



Water-Supply Paper 490-D 



ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES 

IN THE PAPAGO COUNTRY 

ARIZONA 



BY 



KIRK BRYAN 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1922 






5 



&* 



LISKARY OF CONGRESS 

DEC 9 -1922 

DOCUMENTS DIVISION 



A 

<5- 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Preface, by O. E. Meinzer 1 

Introduction 317 

Acknowledgments 319 

Watering places 319 

The Indians in relation to travel in the Papago country 322 

Types of roads 326 

Mountain roads 326 

Malpais roads 327 

Plains roads , 327 

River-bottom roads 328 

Good, fair, and bad roads 328 

Road signs 329 

Road difficulties and suggestions for surmounting them 329 

Water 329 

Gasoline and spare parts 330 

Equipment 330 

Choice and equipment of automobile 331 

Crossing an arroyo or wash 331 

Crossing sandy areas 332 

Adobe flats and river flood plains 333 

Mountain and hill areas 333 

Road logs 334 

Tucson-Yuma road 334 

Main route 334 

Tucson to Yuma 334 

Yuma to Tucson 340 

Northern road between Indian Oasis and Big Fields 344 

Indian Oasis to Geological Survey sign at Big Fields 344 

Geological Survey sign at Big Fields to Indian Oasis 345 

Pozo Blanco route 345 

Tucson to Ajo 345 

Ajo to Tucson 346 

Cubo route 348 

Tucson to Ajo 348 

Ajo to Tucson 348 

Comovo route 349 

Tucson to Ajo 349 

Ajo to Tucson 350 

Tucson-Nogales highway 351 

Tucson to Nogales 351 

Nogales to Tucson 352 

Tucson-Nogales road by way of San Xavier and Twin Buttes 353 

Tucson to Nogales 353 

Nogales to Tucson 354 

Silver Bell road 354 

in 



IV CONTENTS. 

Road logs — Continued. Page. 

Routes in and to the Altar Valley 355 

Tucson-Sasabe road 355 

Tucson to Sasabe 355 

Sasabe to Tucson 356 

Arivaca road 357 

Amado to Ronstadt gate 357 

Ronstadt gate to Amado 358 

Nogales-Arivaca road-- 359 

Nogales to Arivaca 350 

Arivaca to Nogales 360 

Figueroa ranch to Buenos Aires and points on the east side of 

Altar Valley 360 

Tucson-Phoenix highway 361 

Tucson to Phoenix 361 

Phoenix to Tucson 363 

Casa Grande Ruins road 365 

Florence to Casa Grande Ruins 365 

Casa Grande Ruins to Florence 365 

Tucson-Casa Grande road 366 

Tucson to Casa Grande 366 

Casa Grande to Tucson 366 

Roads out of Red Rock 367 

Roads out of Casa Grande - 36S 

Casa Grande to Maricopa 368 

Maricopa to Casa Grande 368 

Phoenix to Casa Grande by way of Sacaton 368 

Casa Grande to Phoenix by way of Sacaton 369 

Casa Grande to Florence 369 

Florence to Casa Grande 370 

Casa Grande to Pozo San Luis, Sonora, by way of Jackrabbit 

and the Santa Rosa Valley 371 

Pozo San Luis, Sonora, to Casa Grande by w T ay of Santa Rosa 

Valley and Jackrabbit 373 

Casa Grande to Cocklebur and Quajote 375 

Quajote to Cocklebur and Casa Grande 375 

Roads out of Maricopa 375 

Maricopa to Gila Bend 375 

Gila Bend to Maricopa 376 

Phoenix to Maricopa by way of Gila Crossing 376 

Maricopa to Phoenix by way of Gila Crossing 376 

Maricopa to Vekol Valley, Kaka, and Covered Wells 377 

Covered Wells to Kaka, Vekol Valley, and Maricopa 379 

Maricopa to Cocklebur 380 

Roads out of Gila Bend 381 

Phoenix to Gila Bend by way of Gila Crossing 381 

Gila Bend to Phoenix by way of Gila Crossing 382 

Phoenix to Gila Bend by way of Buckeye 383 

Gila Bend to Phoenix by way of Buckeye 384 

Gila Bend to Sentinel 385 

Sentinel to Gila Bend 385 

Gila Bend to Vekol 386 

Vekol to Gila Bend 387 



CONTENTS. • V 

Road logs — Continued. 

Roads out of Gila Bend — Continued. Page. 

Gila Bend to Pozo Blanco by way of Sauceda 388 

Pozo Blanco to Gila Bend by way of Sauceda 389 

Gila Bend to Ajo 389 

Ajo to Gila Bend 391 

Gila Bend to Mesquite Tank 391 

Mesquite Tank to Gila Bend _ 392 

Routes in the Baboquivari and Tecolote valleys 392 

Routes north and south from Indian Oasis 393 

Miscellaneous routes between Qnijotoa Mountains and Gunsight Pass, 394 

Indian Oasis to Menegers Dam 394 

Menegers Dam to Indian Oasis 395 

Copeka to Serventi Well 395 

Serventi Well to Copeka 396 

Copeka to Kavolik by way of Tonukvo 396 

Kavolik to Copeka by way of Tonukvo 396 

Pozo Blanco to Pisinemo 397 

Pisinemo to Pozo Blanco 397 

Coniovo to Camote 397 

Camote to Comovo 398 

Charco en Medio to Cubo 398 

Cubo to Charco en Medio 399 

Walls Well to Menegers Dam and Mexico 399 

Walls Well to Menegers Dam by way of Cochibo 399 

Walls Well to Menegers Dam by way of Cubo and Charco Colo- 
rado 400 

Menegers Dam to Walls Well by way of Cochibo 401 

Menegers Dam to Walls Well by way of Charco Colorado and 

Cubo 401 

Routes from and near Ajo 402 

Ajo to Yuma by the Camino del Diablo 402 

Yuma to Ajo by the Camino del Diablo 406 

Ajo to Pozo Redondo and Perigua 408 

Perigua to Pozo Redondo and Ajo 409 

Ajo to Sonoita 410 

Sonoita to Ajo 411 

Walls Well to Bates Well 412 

Bates Well to Walls Well 412 

Bates Well to Quitobaquito 412 

Quitobaquito to Bates Well 413 

Roads near the Little Ajo Mountains 414 

Minor roads west of Ajo 414 

Roads in and adjacent to San Cristobal Valley 414 

Wellton to Baker Tanks and points south 416 

Baker Tanks to Wellton 416 

Blaisdell to Fortuna mine 416 

Index to watering places 417 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Pag*. 

Plate I. Map of arid region of the United States showing areas covered 
by guides to watering places and other maps and water- 
supply papers of the United States Geological Survey 2 

II. A, First desert watering place signpost erected by the United 
States Geological Survey ; B, Bad road traversed in desert 

watering place survey 2 

III. Typical desert watering place signpost erected by the United 

States Geological Survey 3 

XVI. Road across a sandy wash dug out and corduroyed with 

brush 4 

XXIII. Relief map of the western part of the Papago country, Ariz., 

showing desert watering places In pocket. 

XXIV. Relief map of the central part of the Papago country, Ariz., 

showing desert watering places In pocket. 

XXV. Relief map of the eastern part of the Papago country, Ariz., 

showing desert watering places In pocket. 

XXVI. A, Cochibo, Ariz. ; B, Papago Well, Ariz 320 

XXVII. A, Black Tanks, Ariz. ; B, Charco near Pozo Redondo, Ariz 321 

XXVIII. A, Artesa Pond, Ariz. ; B, Papago farming 322 

Figure 7. Map of the Papago country, Ariz., showing principal roads and 

watering places and areas covered by Plates XXIII-XXV. 318 

VI 



ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES IN 
CALIFORNIA AND ARIZONA. 



PREFACE. 

By O. E. Meinzer. 

The desert region of the United States forms a great triangle whose 
base, 800 miles long, is the Mexican border from the Peninsular 
Mountains, in southern California, to the mouth of Pecos River, in 
Texas, and whose apex is in north-central Oregon. The west side 
of this huge desert triangle is the mountain wall formed by the 
Peninsular Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, and the Cascade Range; 
the east or northeast side is a less definite line extending from north- 
central Oregon, through Salt Lake City and Santa Fe^ to the mouth 
of Pecos River. (See PI. I.) It covers about 500,000 square miles, 
or very nearly one-sixth of the area of the United States. 

This region is by no means devoid of natural resources or human 
activity. It contains prosperous cities, fertile agricultural districts, 
forest-clad mountains, a large aggregate number of watering places, 
many rich mines, and an unknown wealth of mineral deposits. But 
the localities that have water supplies are widely separated oases in 
a vast expanse of silent, changeless, unproductive desert whose most 
impressive feature is its great distances and whose chief evidences 
of human occupation are the long, long roads that lead from one 
watering place to another. 

In the future existing oases will be enlarged, many new ones will 
be created, and the mineral and agricultural product of the region 
will be greatly increased. But in spite of all that man can do this 
large region will remain essentially a desert. 

Travelers in this region must depend for their existence on the 
desert water holes (springs, wells, or natural tanks), many of which 
are separated from one another by a hard day's journey with team 
and wagon. For most of the region the water holes have never been 
accurately mapped or described, no systematic provision has been 
made for maintaining them, and the roads leading to them have not 
been marked with substantial and reliable signs. Hence, travel in 
the remote parts of the region has been a precarious and sometimes 
a dangerous undertaking. 



2 PREFACE. 

The need of a systematic program for making the desert safe and 
accessible by mapping, marking, and improving its watering places 
has long been appreciated by public-spirited men who know its con- 
ditions. It has also been recognized that because of the great extent 
of the region and because most of it still belongs to the public domain 
the Federal Government can best do this work. For nearly 20 years 
Mr. George W. Parsons, of Los Angeles, has ardently advocated such 
a program. 

Data on desert watering places were compiled some years ago by 
Gilbert E. Bailey, who was obliged to traverse repeatedly many of 
the main desert roads and trails, and these data were made available 
by him for use in a guide to watering places throughout a large desert 
area in California and Nevada published by the United States Geo- 
logical Survey in 1909. 1 

Considerable other work has been done by the United States 
Geological Survey in making maps of parts of the region and in 
publishing data on its water resources. (See PI. I.) Signposts have 
been erected by States, counties, automobile associations, and other 
agencies, the Automobile Club of Southern California having been 
especially active in the southwestern part of the region. However, 
definite and precise information in regard to watering places, except 
those along the main roads, has not been available for most of the 
region, and most travelers in the desert have been obliged to grope 
their way through it by means of hearsay information. 

A systematic program for the survey, marking, and protection of 
desert watering places was authorized by an act of Congress ap- 
proved August 21, 1916, which reads as follows: 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Interior 
be, and he is hereby, autborized and empowered, in his discretion, in so far as 
the authorization made herein will permit, to discover, develop, protect, and 
render more accessible for the benefit of the general public springs, streams, 
and water holes on arid public lands of tbe United States; and in connection 
therewith to erect and maintain suitable and durable monuments and signboards 
at proper places and intervals along and near the accustomed lines of travel 
and over the general area of said desert lands, containing information and 
directions as to the location and nature of said springs, streams, and water 
holes, to the end that the same may be more readily traced and found by 
persons in search or need thereof ; also to provide convenient and ready means, 
apparatus, and appliances by which water may be brought to the earth's surface 
at said water holes for the use of such persons ; also to prepare and distribute 
suitable maps, reports, and general information relating to said springs, 
streams, and water holes and their specific location with reference to lines of 
travel. 

An appropriation of $10,000 became available for this purpose July 
1, 1917. With this appropriation, supplemented with some other 

1 Mendenhall, W. C, Some desert watering places in southeastern California and south- 
western Nevada : U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 224, 1909. 




EXPLANATION 



Boundary of arid region requiring 
guides to watering places 



Area covered by guides to desert 

watering places. 
Published as Water-Supply Paper 

490 and in four separate reports, 

namely, 490-A, 490-B, 490-C, 

and 490-D 



Area covered by water-supply 
paper 

(The number is the serial number of the 
paper. Only principal water-supply 
papers are shown. A complete list of 
publications relating to water resources 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1 




MAP OF THE ARID REGION OF THE UNITED STATES 

Showinc- areas covered by guides to watering planes and otHer 
wlter^pply papeiVof the U. S. Geological Survey 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 490 PLATE III 







TYPICAL DESERT WATERING PLACE SIGNPOST ERECTED RY THE UNITED STATES 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

Photograph by D. G. Thompson. 



PREFACE. d 

funds that could be used for the purpose, a survey was made in 1917 
and 1918 of the driest, hottest, and least explored part of the desert 
region, comprising 60,000 square miles in southeastern California 
and southwestern Arizona. (See PI. I.) It includes the south- 
ern part of Death Valley and the region between this valley and 
the Mexican border in California, and the region west of Tucson 
and Phoenix and south of Wickenburg and Parker in Arizona. 
The field work was done by four parties, each consisting of one 
geologist and one nontechnical assistant, and each provided with an 
automobile and light camping equipment. The mapping was done 
with the plane table, on a scale of 1 : 125,000. Most of the water- 
ing places in the region were examined ; about 200 samples of water 
were collected and shipped to the water-resources laboratory of 
the United States Geological Survey for analysis; and a general 
exploration was made of the region to determine its geography and 
geology and its ground-water conditions. 

Signs directing travelers to water were erected at 167 localities in 
California and 138 in Arizona. (See Pis. II, A, and III.) The 
signposts are galvanized iron, 1.9 inches in outside diameter and 12 
feet long. Each post is anchored to the ground with two redwood 
blocks. The signs are 18-gage steel, enameled, are white, with dark- 
blue letters, and are substantially bolted to the posts. They are of 
two sizes, 18 by 20 inches and 9 by 20. inches. Most of the larger 
signs, 470 of which were erected, give the names, distances, and direc- 
tions to four watering places ; most of the smaller signs, 165 of which 
were erected, give the names, distances, and directions to two water- 
ing places. Through the courtesy of the Board of Supervisors of 
San Bernardino County, Calif., signs were placed on 26 iron posts 
previously erected by the county. 

The area covered is the part of the desert region where such work 
was most needed, not only because, on the whole, it has remained 
the least explored, but also because it is the hottest and most arid 
area and the one having the worst roads. (See PL II, B.) The 
work was, however, undertaken as a part of a larger plan, which 
contemplates — to the extent that funds are available — a similar sur- 
vey and erection of signposts for the entire arid region, as outlined 
on Plate I. To make the work permanently effective it will be neces- 
sary from time to time to revise the maps and guides and to repair 
and supplement the signposts. The Federal Government is also 
under obligation to maintain the desert watering places that have 
been withdrawn from entry and are held as public water reserves. 

Soon after the field work was completed three of the four geolo- 
gists who made the survey entered the Army and the other one was 
assigned to work on water supplies for military establishments. 



4 PREFACE. 

Consequently the preparation of the maps and guides to desert water- 
ing places had to be postponed until after the war. Reports are now 
being prepared which will give detailed information about the water- 
ing places in the region and will contain more comprehensive and 
accurate descriptions of its geography, geology, and hydrology than 
have hitherto been published. The four abbreviated guides com- 
prising the present series (Water- Supply Paper 490) are published 
in advance of the complete reports for the use of those who do not 
need the more general information which the complete reports 
contain. These abbreviated guides consist essentially of the maps, 
the road logs (which constitute concise guides to watering places), 
and very brief descriptions of the watering places. 



ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES IN THE PAPAGO 
COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 



By Kirk Bryan. 



INTRODUCTION. 

The Papago country derives its* name from a group of semi- 
nomadic Indians belonging to the Piman stock, who were called by 
the early Spanish explorers the Pimos frijoleros, or bean-eating 
Pimas. Somewhat later the name Papago became generally current. 
These Indians ranged over the desert country west and south of 
Santa Cruz and Gila valleys and north of Altar Valley in Sonora as 
far west as the Gulf of California. The Spanish named the whole 
region inhabited by Indians of the Piman stock the Pimeria and 
later distinguished the portion west of Santa Cruz River as the 
Papagueria. 

The Papago country as considered in this report includes the part 
of the original Papagueria that lies north of the international bound- 
ary. (See fig. 7.) It is bounded by Santa Cruz, Gila, and Colorado 
rivers but includes also the routes from Tucson to Florence, Casa 
Grande to Florence, and Florence to Phoenix. 

Except a few roads near the larger towns the routes of travel are 
not constructed highways but are only the tracks of previous trav- 
elers. Many routes are so little traveled that one may say of them, 
as the Mexican does : " No hay camino, pero es posible por un carro " 
(there is no road, but it is possible for a wagon). 

For the convenience of the traveler as many as possible of the 
natural difficulties are recorded in the road logs, which were made 
with a speedometer attached to an automobile. It is impossible that 
any two logs made by different machines over the same route or 
even by the same machine over the same route will exactly corre- 
spond. Systematic errors, however, have been eliminated, and the 
logs have been checked against the maps. 

The maps, published as Plates XXIII-XXV (in pocket), are the 
result of plane-table work done by me, combined with existing pub- 
lished and unpublished data. The most detailed recent work has 
been done by the United States Indian Service. The larger part 
of the detail of the Papago villages and roads in their vicinity has 
been compiled from this source. The topography and roads of the 

317 



318 



ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 



Tumacacori Mountains have been redrawn from maps of the United 
States Forest Service. Much material was derived also from topo- 




graphic sheets of the United States Geological Survey, plats of the 
General Land Office, railroad alinements, and maps of the Mexican 
Boundary Survey. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 319 

The topography has been drawn by J. H. Renshawe from the best 
available data. In the flatter areas the darkest color represents the 
lowest elevation and lighter colors the higher elevations. The moun- 
tains are shown by shading, as if seen under a strong light coming 
at a low angle from the northwest. The general form, size, and loca- 
tion of the mountains and the general relation of the roads, towns, 
and watering places to one another and to the topography are cor- 
rectly shown, but minute exactness can not be expected in work of 
this type. Many locations are marked as approximate, and perhaps 
more should be so marked. Much detail is missing, particularly in 
the parts of the map that were made by compilation from maps 
made several years ago. It is thought, however, that all the features 
shown on the map will be found on the ground. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

I am indebted to many people for kindness and for information 
of great value furnished during the progress of the field work. 
Clyde P. Ross, who was in charge of the work on desert watering 
places north of Gila River, cooperated heartily in contiguous terri- 
tory, especially in making and compiling the map. He has fur- 
nished logs for about 60 miles of road, as is further noticed in the 
text. My field assistant, C. G. Puffer, made travel in the desert easy 
and contributed much local information. He is responsible for the 
mapping of the northern border of the Sauceda Mountains and for 
placing the signposts. I am particularly indebted for favors and 
information to Col. John C. Greenway and Messrs. August de Nave, 
W. B. Kibbey, Joseph Meneger, Thomas Childs, Manuel L. Corrillo, 
W. C. Gietz, Charles M. Hindman, C. R. Oldberg, W. D. Tremaine, 
and Samuel Clark. 

WATERING PLACES. 

The watering places of the Papago country differ widely in the 
quantity and character of water and in the facilities they afford 
travelers. Certain types of watering places are almost peculiar to 
the region ; they are rare elsewhere. 

The valley of Santa Cruz River and its tributary Nogales Wash 
from Nogales north to Tucson is an almost continuous watering 
place, containing many wells. During a large part of the year the 
bed of Santa Cruz River and the Gila Valley from Florence west to 
Gila Crossing and from Buckeye to Gila Bend carry water. In the 
irrigated area around Phoenix, which is supplied with water by the 
Roosevelt Dam, there are numerous canals, and at each farm house 
there is at least one well, so that a traveler may consider this area a 
continuous watering place. 



320 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

In the area south of Gila River and west of Santa Cruz River the 
watering places are few and springs are very rare. Many of the 
settlements, especially those around mines, draw their supplies from 
wells, but the greatest number of wells have been put in as stock- 
watering places. In the Altar Valley and in the rolling country 
between the detached mountains east of it stock-watering places 
are so numerous that the traveler will have no difficulty in obtaining 
water. West of the Baboquivari Mountains watering places are 
scarce, and supplies other than wells become valuable. 

Wells are generally of two kinds — shallow dug wells and deep 
drilled wells. The dug wells are commonly excavated in rock, 
although a few penetrate alluvium only. They are located in or 
along the border of the mountains. The yield of these wells is not 
great, and many holes have been dug without obtaining water. In 
general, if water is found it is ample for travelers. Travelers should, 
however, carry a bucket and 50 to 75 feet of rope, for many of these 
wells are not provided with any equipment. The sanitary character 
of the water is usually good, but wells that are unprotected and 
little used are sometimes contaminated by the bodies of rats and other 
small animals which fall in and drown. The traveler should be on the 
watch for such pollution. The Papagos draw water from wells in 
rawhide buckets. These buckets are made from fresh hides, and 
the hair rots off only with time. The fastidious traveler will boil 
water from Indian wells. Plate XXVI, A, shows a typical dug well 
used by the Papagos. 

Deep drilled wells are usually located in the broad valleys. The 
greater number are stock-watering places of American cattlemen or 
wells maintained by the United States Indian Service for the Pa- 
pago Indians. The water is excellent in quality and free from con- 
tamination when pumped. The traveler, however, will not always 
arrive at these wells when the pumper is present and will be com- 
pelled to use the water from the storage tank or reservoir. A casual 
inspection will show whether the reservoir is maintained in a sani- 
tary condition. Great care should be taken to allow no water to 
waste and to close properly all gates which were closed and leave 
open all gates which were open on arrival. No man who is careless 
about gates can have friends in a cow country. The difficulties of 
obtaining water from an unequipped deep well are shown in Plate 
XXVI, B, and recounted on page 403. 

Rock tanks, called in Spanish " tinajas," are natural cavities in the 
rocks which retain water for longer or shorter periods after rains. 
The traveler will find these useful watering places and will be espe- 
cially dependent on them in the area west of Ajo (PL XXVII, A). 
The length of time in which water will be found at any tank depends 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 490 PLATE XXVI 




A. COCHIBO, ARIZ. 
Shows typical head frame and (rough of a Papago well. 



~ j 








' 



B. PAPAGO WELL, ARIZ. 

Shows U. S. Geological Survey automobile hooked to the cable prepared to draw water from this 

deep well. 



V. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 490 PLATE XXVII 




A. BLACK TANKS, ARIZ. 
John Morrill's horse drinking the last, water from the nearly dry main lank. 




B. CHARCO NEAR POZO REDONDO, ARIZ. 

The cat tie- trampled water hole has been dry about a month. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 321 

on the season. Travelers should seek local information when 
they know that they are to be dependent on tanks. The water is 
sometimes foul from the growth of green algae or from the bodies of 
bees that fall in and drown. It is unlikely, however, that disease 
germs are present, for these tanks are seldom visited. The almost 
constant sunshine is also a great antiseptic agent. The so-called sand 
tanks are rock tanks that are filled with coarse sand in which the 
water is found by digging. They are less likely to be foul than rock 
tanks, and as the sand prevents evaporation the water commonly 
lasts longer. 

Charcos are pools of water that occur along the channels where 
flood waters spread out over adobe flats. They range from a few 
inches to fully 5 feet in depth (see PL XXVII, B) and from about 5 
to 30 feet in width, and some of them are more than 1,500 feet long. 
They hold water from a few days to several months after rains. 
During this time they are commonly used by wild animals and range 
stock. The traveler will usually find the water foul and muddy, but 
in many large areas it is the only water to be had, and if it is boiled 
before using it is a safe if not a palatable drink. 

Represo is a general term for a small earthen dam that impounds 
flood water. American cattlemen include such dams under the 
generic term " tank." Represos are commonly built in adobe flats, 
and frequently only the borrow pit, from which earth was taken to 
make the dam, holds water. Even the larger ponds are only from 2 
to 5 feet deep. In area they range from mere mud puddles to ponds 
600 feet wide and 2,000 feet long. Aguirre Lake, near Buenos Aires, 
in the Altar Valley (PL XXV), which is 1J miles long, is principally 
used as a reservoir for irrigation. The largest represo used by the 
Papagos, Artesa Pond, is shown in Plate XXVIII, A. 

The water in some represos is as evanescent as that in the smaller 
charcos. The larger ponds hold water for several months after a 
flood. In many of the summer rancherias the pond is inclosed by a 
fence, and the Indian Service has built a watering trough so that 
cattle may be watered outside the fence. This refinement, however, 
is little used, and travelers will find the water foul and muddy from 
the trampling of animals. If properly boiled the water of the 
larger represos is a satisfactory and welcome supply. 

In a few localities flood water is collected in old prospect holes. 
Within the hole, protected from sunlight, the organic matter in the 
water rots completely, leaving clear water with a faint brown tint. 
During the rotting process the water is unfit to drink, but after it 
has " sweetened " it is acceptable. The deliberate construction of such 
cisterns has not been undertaken, and those in existence are the result 
of accident. These structures are likely to increase in number in 
the driest parts of the region. 



322 KOUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

Along the Southern Pacific Railroad many section houses have no 
wells but are provided with cisterns, which are filled from tank cars. 
The water is good, and the cisterns are kept in excellent condition. 
As the supply is limited, however, great care is exercised in using 
the water. Travelers are allowed to obtain it, but this privilege 
should not be abused. It is to these cisterns that the logs refer when 
the statement is made : " Water at the section house in emergencies." 

THE INDIANS IN RELATION TO TRAVEL IN THE 
PAPAGO COUNTRY. 

The region between the Baboquivari Mountains and Gunsight 
Pass is inhabited by the Papagos and the nearly related Kohakt 
Pimas. The Indians number about 6,000. No Indians have more 
closely adapted their habits of life to the character of the region in 
which they live than the Papagos. 

Physically the Papagos are a large, well-formed people, having a 
dark skin and bold if somewhat heavy features. Delayed maturity 
is common, and there is often a great contrast between the large and 
heavy middle-aged man and the slight and slender youth. The 
women are not uncommonly brighter and more vivacious than the 
men. Many of them are very handsome. Tuberculosis and trachoma 
are prevalent diseases. Travelers should use caution in and about 
Papago camps, particularly on account of trachoma. 

The tribe is nominally Christian, and the greater number, having 
been converted under Mexican influence, are Catholic. Many, how- 
ever, are Presbyterians, having been influenced toward that faith by 
their relatives, the Pimas of the Gila Valley. The original moral 
spirit of the race appears to have been high. They were brave in 
their almost constant wars with the Apaches, though peaceable in 
their relations with the whites, both Mexican and American. Nor 
have they sunk into that moral degradation which is all too common 
as a result of the contact of American civilization with primitive 
tribes. The Papagos present the unique example of a so-called in- 
ferior race profiting by the mistakes and failures of a superior race. 
However, much of their apparent success is due to their low standard 
of living, lack of pride, and somewhat hazy notion of property rights. 

Before the coming of the white man the Papago had no beasts of 
burden or domestic animals. During the winter the people gathered 
around the permanent water holes and springs in the mountains, prin- 
cipally along the western foot of the Baboquivari Mountains and 
at Comobabi. With the coming of the summer rains they moved 
down into the valleys and planted crops of corn and beans in the 
broad flats that are liable to overflow. (See PL XXVIII, B.) These 
localities were usually at or near charcos — natural water holes that 



U. R. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 490 PLATE XXVIII 




A. ARTESA POND, ARIZ. 
Papago cattle watering at one of the largest represos in the region. 




?&/**• ■ j:r *•; '■-% • "'V * *£ few 



« 



£. PAPAGO FARMING 
A flood-water field or temporal near Toapit. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 323 

filled with water during floods. (See PI. XXVII, B.) As the crop 
was dependent on the floods also, there was always drinking water 
for planting and harvesting. During this period they gathered mes- 
quite beans and the fruit of the sahuaro and pitahaya. Doubtless 
they hunted small game at all times, and certain members of the 
tribe were detailed to hunt deer, mountain sheep, and goats. The 
food not used immediately was carried back to permanent water 
holes in the mountains. This precarious method of farming and 
gathering of wild crops was not always successful, and if the season 
was a failure the following winter was one of starvation. Whole 
villages moved without hesitation toward better water supplies or 
to villages where the crop had been good. The rigors and hardships 
of this life can not be emphasized too much, especially as the Papago 
possessed no beasts of burden. The journeys from the winter home 
to the planting ground, distances of 10 to 30 miles, had to be made 
afoot, often with heavy burdens. Annually also a group made a trip 
to the Gulf of California for salt, which was an important article of 
aboriginal commerce. 

Father Eusebio Kino, an Austrian Jesuit, began his missionary 
work with the Pimas and Papagos of Sonora in 1687 and first 
crossed into Arizona in 1691. Yearly and sometimes oftener until 
1706 he journeyed through the country, preaching the gospel, 
introducing horses, cattle, chickens, wheat, oats, and barley, and en- 
couraging house building. No resident missionaries, however, were 
located in Arizona until 1732, and these were confined to Santa Cruz 
Valley. Valuable as the introduction of domestic animals and the 
art of house building was to the Papagos, the gain was more than 
offset by the loss through Apache raids. The Apaches, supplied with 
horses, became the scourge of the country and so continued for many 
years. The Papagueria, once a safe refuge, was constantly menaced 
except during the period 1790 to 1820, when Spanish protection was 
adequate. 

Upon the consummation of the Gadsden Purchase in 1857 the 
United States provided troops which, though not keeping the 
Apaches in check, protected the Papagos until the troops were re- 
moved in 1860 to engage in the Civil War. American settlers were 
few in the period from 1845 to 1860 and then were almost entirely 
driven from the country. The late sixties and seventies, however, 
saw a new influx of Americans. 

The American settlers came to find mines or establish stock ranches. 
They immediately improved the springs or seeps used by the In- 
dians and in many places dug new wells. Each white man's camp 
had its near-by Papago camp dependent on the new or improved 
water supply. The Indians worked for wages when work was to 
157142°— 22 2 



324 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

be had — and the Papago is a good worker — or pilfered and begged 
when there was no work. As the prospects usually did not become 
mines, the white men moved away and the Indians inherited the 
watering places. Even successful mines like the Weldon, where at 
one time there was a town of 11,000 people, had a relatively short 
life. When the ore was exhausted the white men moved away. San 
Antone, a winter rancheria with a few Papago families, remains 
as the successor of Weldon. Covered Wells, Alamo, and several 
other villages are dependent on wells dug by white miners. The 
white stockmen were fewer in number than the miners, but they also 
generally failed and moved away, partly because of poor range and 
partly perhaps because of poor management. In addition they had 
to contend with the sullen opposition of Papago cattlemen and with 
the Papago belief that cows were made to eat. Pozo Redondo is a 
winter rancheria founded on the site of such an abandoned ranch 
and is dependent on the well dug by a member of the well-known 
Redondo family of Yuma. Kukomalik has a similar history. The 
Fresnal and Yentana ranches were supplied by bored wells whose 
machinery the Indians could not operate or replace, else doubtless 
the same thing w # ould have happened when these ranches were 
abandoned. The Indian Service has now installed a pumping plant 
at the well on the Fresnal ranch, and under Avhite supervision it can 
be maintained. A winter rancheria will probably spring up, and 
the history of Pozo Redondo will be repeated. 

The Papagos are much as they were when first found by the 
Spanish, except that they wear white men's clothes and use wagons, 
horses, and many iron tools. They no longer hunt, for the big 
game is too scarce to make hunting profitable, but they do raise 
cattle. This industry promises to grow, but the people still mainly 
depend on flood-water farming. Around the fields or temporals 
are villages composed of more or less permanent houses called sum- 
mer rancherias. From the Mexicans or Americans the Indians 
learned to build small dams with basins behind them to store flood 
water for drinking. These represos are to be found at almost every 
temporal. They supplement the charcos and enable the people to 
remain long enough to harvest the crop. The water is, however, 
usually muddy and often foul. As the summer rains begin the peo- 
ple migrate from the winter rancherias, near permanent water, to 
the temporals, and they return in the autumn. The Indian Service 
has drilled a number of deep wells at summer rancherias, and these 
new sources of water may eventually break up the system of migra- 
tion. 

This brief description of the life of the Papago Indians shows 
that they are great travelers. It is practically impossible to find a 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 325 

place where diligent search will not reveal the former presence of 
the Papagos. Potsherds, broken stones, mortars, and remains of 
camps are common at every watering place. Formerly they went 
afoot, but now they go on horseback or by wagons. There are in 
consequence many roads, most of which follow the old foot trails 
and thus pass every available watering place, however infrequently 
it may hold water. Most of these watering places are small char- 
cos. As many of these as were found are shown on the map, though 
many of them are of little value to the traveler. 

The roads are a perfect maze in the vicinity of the villages or 
rancherias. From each of the scattered houses there is a road to 
every other house and to every near-by rancheria. Only at some 
distance from the village do these roads combine. At certain ran- 
cherias also cattle are watered either from wells or from ponds. The 
daily trampling of cattle often obliterates wagon tracks over the 
whole area of the village, and the stranger has much difficulty in 
getting out of a village and onto the right road. The road logs of 
these localities have been made as full as possible, but the traveler 
who has studied the map and knows the direction in which he is 
going may follow any track in that direction and be reasonably 
sure of coming into the right road. 

Ordinarily the Indians drive around obstacles and do no work on 
roads. Some work is done, however, on the roads around their 
winter rancherias in the mountains. The other roads are simple 
wagon tracks or natural highways. X few Indians use broad-gage 
wagons, or the axle has been sprung so as to give the wagon an 
excessively broad gage. Unfortunate is the automobilist who fol- 
lows a road made by such a wagon. 

Roads are also readily abandoned or not traveled for months. 
Fields are frequently so badly washed by floods that they are aban- 
doned, and the roads to them are no longer traveled. The inhabi- 
tants of villages who once were friendly cease visiting each other, 
and the road between shows no wagon tracks for years. The sea- 
sonal occupations of the people, however, produce the most common 
changes. For instance, the road from Pozo Redondo to Perigua has 
practically no traffic in the winter, but as the people of Pozo Redondo 
plant crops at Perigua, there is much traffic from the beginning of 
the summer rains until the end of the harvest. 

To travelers the Papago is indifferent if not sullen. He makes 
no advances and receives those of others with assumed if not real 
dignity. He will not refuse help to those in real distress, however, 
but for his service he expects reward. From those whose difficulties 
are not serious or who appear to be able to pay he will exact a high 
price for his help. Travelers who speak Spanish fluently can com- 



326 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

monly obtain more information and respect by using that language, 
but many Papagos have been to the Government schools and speak 
excellent English. These persons resent being addressed in poor 
Spanish. A Papago alone is more friendly and will give more in- 
formation than when in a group. 

TYPES OF ROADS. 

Except in the vicinity of towns but little has been done to improve 
the roads of southern Arizona. They are usually only natural high- 
ways where first one and then another traveler has made his way 
across the country with good or ill fortune. Owing to the many 
open plains without natural obstacles, the dry climate, the consequent 
scanty vegetation, and the porous but compact soil portions of such 
unimproved or natural roads are very good. Stretches can be found 
where an automobile can make 40 miles an hour without trouble. 

In the Gila and Santa Cruz valleys improved roads are being 
constructed near the larger towns by the counties and there are a 
number of through routes constructed or projected by the State. 
Much of this construction is excellent, good bridges, culverts, and 
concrete dips being provided, and in many places good road metal 
has been hauled in. As only one such road exists in the area south 
of the Gila Valley and west of the Santa Cruz Valley, travelers in 
this region must depend on the natural roads. The characteristics 
of these roads vary according to the type of country they traverse. 
They have been divided into four classes to which names have been 
given to facilitate road descriptions in the logs. These classes are 
called mountain roads, malpais roads, plains roads, and river-bottom 
roads. 

MOUNTAIN ROADS. 

The mountain roads run through mountains of various types and 
consequently have somewhat varying characteristics. Some work has 
been done on most of these roads to make them passable for auto- 
mobiles or heavily loaded wagons. Upon the provisions of laAV much 
assessment work is done on the roads to mining claims, and travelers 
will find those to or adjacent to prospects in fair condition. Moun- 
tain roads are constructed on rock, residual soil, thin alluvium, or 
caliche. In consequence they are seldom muddy but frequently 
rough. The grades are usually steep, but long hills are rare. How- 
ever, there are many very steep short grades in and out of gulches. 
The crossing of such little canyons with walls 10 to 25 feet high and 
sandy or gravelly bottoms presents the principal difficulty in travel- 
ing on roads of this type. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 327 

MALPAIS ROADS. 

Roads passing over mesas capped by lava or "malpais" are in 
general comparatively good. Steep grades, bad washes, and heavy 
sand are rare. Depressions in the surface of the lava may become 
filled with sand, making rather heavy going. Such stretches are 
usually short and seldom present serious difficulties. The roadbed 
may, however, be rough and hard on tires. The principal difficulty 
is usually the ascent to the mesa, which, in addition to being steep, 
may be covered with drifted sand or loose boulders. 

PLAINS ROADS. 

By far the greater length of road and the greater number of roads 
lie in the alluvium-filled valleys or plains of the desert. The trav- 
eler comes to know these roads as the typical desert or plains roads. 
Generally alluvium makes good well-drained roads. Off the track 
of previous travelers, however, the ground is soft and the going 
heavy. Only lightly loaded automobiles and wagons can make 
progress. Cutting across the plains without a road should not be 
attempted with an automobile except by experienced travelers. 

The plains road varies somewhat according to the part of the 
valley in which it lies. Near the mountains the alluvium is likely 
to be coarse and compact; the streamways are arroyos with banks 2 
to 10 feet high floored with coarse deep sand. The road is then like a 
mountain road, rough but firm and difficult only at the streams. 
Midway of the alluvial slopes the alluvium is commonly softer and 
finer grained. It is easily washed during rains, and road ruts may 
be cut so deep as to leave high centers or be filled with soft sand 
that impedes travel. The streamways are washes, with banks 1 to 2 
feet high and with bottoms filled with fine, often deep sand. 

Near the centers and along the troughs of the valleys many of the 
roads run through adobe flats of fine-grained sandy clay, or through 
areas of low sand dunes. The adobe flats when dry make a good 
smooth roadway for light traffic but are easily cut up, so that the 
road becomes dusty and full of chuck holes. When wet they are seas 
of slimy and slippery mud into which vehicles sink from 2 inches to a 
foot. When the flat is dry these ruts, made in wet weather, are very 
hard on automobile tires. The sandy areas are seldom impassable, but 
progress is slow. The axial stream of a valley is generally a serious 
obstacle to travel. In some valleys it is merely an unusually large 
channel in an adobe flat. It is then easy enough in dry weather, but 
the steep clay banks when wet are often impassable for automobiles. 
In other valleys the axial stream is a broad arroyo with steep banks 
and sandy channel. 



328 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

RIVER-BOTTOM ROADS. 

Roads along the courses of rivers have generally been cleared of 
the mesquite, and a few culverts have been built. The roadbed is 
made of the fine-grained sandy clay and loam of the flood plains, and 
if well graded it makes an excellent road in dry weather provided 
• there is little traffic. The material is so soft, however, that well- 
traveled roads in river bottoms soon become badly rutted, very dusty, 
and full of chuck holes in dry weather and so muddy in wet weather 
as to be almost impassable. These roads may also pass over the gravel 
benches along the river. Here the alluvium is coarser and more com- 
pact than it is in the flood plain, and the roads are similar in character 
to plains roads. They must, however, go in and out of the numer- 
ous tributaries, each with its dry and sandy channel. It is common 
to find two parallel roads along a river valley, one following the 
flood plain and the other the gravel benches. Which road is the better 
will depend on the season, the weather, and the amount and char- 
acter of the traffic. Fortunately, newly constructed roads are replac- 
ing most of the valley roads. 

GOOD, FAIR, AND BAD ROADS. 

The use of the adjective " good " with regard to natural roads is, 
of course, subject to criticism, as perhaps none of them deserve it. 
However, a road that is called " good " in this region is one free from 
bad grades and mudholes and with no washes difficult to cross. On 
such a road an average speed of 12 to 20 miles an hour can be made 
without danger in an automobile. Heavy loaded wagons can make 
the journey with comparative ease. 

On a " fair " road experienced drivers with good automobiles and 
all kinds of horse-drawn vehicles can get through, but travel is rough 
and only slow time can be made. 

A "bad" road has heavy grades or washes that are difficult to 
cross, heavy wind-blown sand, or many adobe flats and washes, or a 
combination of these disadvantages. The natural conditions are such 
that only slow time can be made with any kind of vehicle. Auto- 
mobiles are liable to get stuck in all kinds of weather and almost 
surely in wet weather. 

In a number of places in the logs it is stated that a road is im- 
passable for automobiles. By this is meant that such obstacles were 
seen or are known to exist that automobiles can not get through with- 
out building a new road. A road described as very difficult should 
not be attempted except with adequate preparations for emergencies 
and, if possible, with an experienced driver. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 329 

ROAD SIGNS. 

The traveler will find many signs on all the well-traveled roads of 
Santa Cruz and Gila valleys, also in the area of the Salt Eiver irri- 
gation project. These signs have been put up by local advertisers, 
automobile clubs, and county authorities. In the desert the most re- 
liable and permanent signs were put up in connection with this inves- 
tigation. Their character is shown in Plate III. They will be found 
in 89 localities, shown on Plates XXIII-XXV by the symbol T. 

In addition to the more substantial signboards, there are many 
small boards put up by prospectors and travelers. At road corners 
will be found also a wooden box, a tin can, a pile of stones, a rag tied 
to a tree, or some other crude mark. It is a point of desert etiquette 
not to disturb these marks. 

ROAD DIFFICULTIES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR 
SURMOUNTING THEM. 

On the comparatively short stretches of constructed road in south- 
western Arizona travel involves only the hardships and problems 
usual in other parts of the United States. The roadbed may be 
rough and dusty but is always passable, and supply stations are found 
at frequent intervals. On the long routes over unimproved roads 
supply stations and even water are found only at infrequent inter- 
vals, and the roads are so poor that accidents and breakdowns are 
a commonplace occurrence. Unless the traveler is prepared for emer- 
gencies minor accidents are likely to have serious consequences. To 
go 12 hours without water is a hardship, and 24 hours is likely to 
prove fatal. 

Automobile traffic is constantly increasing, and inexperienced per- 
sons confident in the perfection of their conveyances continually 
attempt to use the desert routes, usually with success. The traveler 
by wagon is commonly a habitue of the desert to whom advice is 
superfluous. The following remarks, in consequence, apply to auto- 
mobile travel exclusively. 

WATER. 

Ample water should be carried. The amount should be great 
enough to fill the radiator at least once, in case of a leak. Human con- 
sumption of water is very great on account of the heat and the dry- 
ness. Two gallons per man per day is a minimum requirement. The 
Survey party of two men used in September for all purposes, includ- 
ing drinking, cooking, washing, and filling the radiator, from 9 to 
13 gallons a day. 

More than one receptacle should be provided so as to give a re- 
serve in case of a leak or accident. Canvas water bags are very effec- 



330 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

tive in keeping water at a pleasant temperature for drinking, but 
they are hard to carry afoot and they waste water. One or more 
metal canteens should be provided for use on side walking trips or if 
it is necessary to walk to get help. 

GASOLINE AND SPARE PARTS. 

Garages at which even simple repairs can be made or the common- 
est spare parts obtained are separated by great distances. The car 
should be in as good condition as possible before starting a journey, 
and enough tools and spare parts should be taken to make minor 
repairs on the road. Gasoline should be carried in at least one con- 
tainer in addition to the tank attached to the car. A leak in the gas 
line will not then exhaust the entire supply. Fewer miles per gallon 
can be expected on these roads than on boulevards, and the gasoline 
will not always be of the best quality. The Geological Survey car, a 
Ford touring-car chassis with light delivery-truck body, averaged 
about 6 miles to the gallon along the Camino del Diablo from Ajo to 
Yuma, whereas on good macadamized road 15 to 20 miles to the gal- 
lon was made. Sufficient oil should be carried to refill the crank case 
in the event of a leak. 

EQUIPMENT. 

Certain tools are necessary for every journey. A shovel and an 
ax, perhaps also a pick, should always be carried. Roads which 
were easy to travel yesterday may be almost impassable to-day be- 
cause of a rain of which the traveler can have no warning. A rope 
and tackle or one of the patented devices of this nature is likely to 
be necessary to pull the car out of a hole or up a steep bank. 

A rope, perhaps the same as that used with the tackle, and a bucket 
are very useful in obtaining water from wells, which may be stripped 
of such equipment by vandals. A good lantern in addition to flash- 
lights should be provided for use in making repairs at night. A few 
feet of baling wire should be carried for miscellaneous repairs. 

It is advisable to carry a little food, even if the traveler intends 
to reach an eating house or hotel each night. Breakdowns, however 
trifling, cause delay, which, if the traveler has no food with him, is 
a hardship. For the same reason on most routes bedding should also 
be provided. A breakdown at nightfall is then a mere incident re- 
quiring a camp overnight, whereas otherwise it means long and 
irritating work in the dark and an anxious night drive. Those 
travelers who carry light camping equipment and are not dependent 
on local accommodations will, on the whole, have the least trouble.' 
At many places meals may be obtained, but beds must generally be 
provided by the traveler. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 831 

CHOICE AND EQUIPMENT OF AUTOMOBILE. 

The Tucson-Phoenix and Tucson-Nogales highways have so much 
constructed roadway, and help and accommodations can be found at 
such short intervals, that an automobile of any type can make the 
trip. On the other roads the heavier and longer machines are at 
a disadvantage. A so-called light car with plenty of power is the 
best. Heavy tops are a disadvantage, and all equipment should be 
so chosen as to keep the weight as small as possible, balanced lat- 
erally, and confined between the front and rear wheels. Weight 
behind the rear wheels is a serious handicap. 

CROSSING AN ARROYO OR WASH. 

The ephemeral streams of the region have channels which are dry 
except for a few days a year. These channels are known as arroyos 
or washes. Wash or dry wash is the common local term. In the 
logs the term " arroyo " is used when there is a single definite chan- 
nel with a sandy or gravelly bed and banks 2 to 10 feet high. 
" Wash " is used where the banks are low and there are numerous 
channels. 

These streamways are the most common impediments to travel. 
During times of flood it is impractical to attempt to ford them, and 
travelers must wait until the flow ceases. Such delays are rare and 
usually short, even during the rainy seasons. An arroyo, even if 
it does not carry water, has difficulties of two kinds: (1) The banks 
are commonly steep, making an abrupt descent into and ascent out of 
the channel; (2) the bottom is covered with sand or gravel. 

On well-traveled roads the banks have usually been worn or cut 
down so as to be passable. After a flood or on little-traveled roads 
it is a wise precaution to stop and look over an arroyo before at- 
tempting to cross. Time will often be saved by improving the road 
a little before starting, so that the car will not be stuck. Careful 
judgment in driving is nearly always required in order to go down 
the bank at a speed slow enough to avoid breaking a spring at the 
bottom and yet have momentum enough to cross the sand and make 
the ascent on the other side. A rather frequent difficulty with a 
Ford automobile in ascending the bank of an arroyo or other steep 
pitch is that the gasoline fails to feed from the tank to the carbure- 
tor. Banks steep enough to cause this trouble are usually short, and 
if the car is moving at a fair rate of speed, its'momentum is often 
sufficient to carry it up. It frequently pays to back up the bank of 
the arroyo and try again. The double movement packs the sand 
so that sufficient speed can be maintained for the ascent, otherwise 
the car must be got to the top by the use of tackle or by shoveling 
down the bank. 



332 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

Crossing the sandy or gravelly bottom is a problem in itself. The 
coarse gravels ordinarily give no trouble, but the finer the sand the 
more likely it is to be deep and soft. It is best to follow previous 
tracks with the highest speed consistent with the maximum power. 
If the car stops, back and try again, but do not under any circum- 
stances allow the wheels to spin. Under the wheel tracks a layer of 
packed sand will be formed very much like a plow pan. This layer 
or wheel pan should not be disturbed. Usually the car does not break 
through it but is stopped by the friction of loose sand which falls in 
around the wheel. By repeated backing and going forward the pan 
is compacted and this loose sand thrown out of the way. If, how- 
ever, no progress can be made, the loose sand should be shoveled away 
'and a track made about 1 foot wide under the car for each pair of 
wheels and for about 10 feet in front of the car. In these tracks 
planks, canvas, or brush should be placed to give traction and then 
the car should be started. Planks are seldom available, and canvas 
wears out quickly from such treatment. Any available grass or 
brush will do, but the ubiquitous creosote bush, which has no other 
use, will be obtained most easily. The smaller bushy branches may 
be broken off with the hands in lengths of 1 to 2 feet and will be 
found to give sufficient traction when laid closely in the track. Plate 
XVI shows the appearance of a wash just west of Papago Well after 
the passage of the Survey automobile. When it was certain that the 
car was stuck, the tracks were shoveled out and then filled with 
creosote bush, as just described, but enough brush was not laid at first, 
so that sufficient momentum was not gained to get out of the sand. 
The operation was repeated, part of the brush being relaid, and the 
machine was successfully driven out of the wash. 

CROSSING OTHER SANDY AREAS. 

Areas of drifted sand present difficulties of the same sort as those 
encountered in the beds of arroyos and washes. The fine sand clings 
even more tightly to the wheels. It drifts into the wheel ruts within 
a few hours after the passage of a vehicle. On this account much 
traffic does not make the road better by permanently widening the 
wheel ruts, as it often does in washes. 

The same kind of a wheel pan forms, however, and when the sand 
is 2 feet or more deep this wheel pan is the only salvation of the 
automobilist. To get out of the ruts is a calamity. When stuck the 
same methods can be used as for crossing washes. Where long 
stretches of sand are to be passed, a steady speed which will heat the 
engine the least should be maintained. The tires may be deflated to 
a pressure of 25 to 30 pounds per square inch, but while this device 
affords better traction it is hard on tires and should not be resorted to 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 333 

except when absolutely necessary. If the engine becomes heated, the 
automobile should be stopped at a favorable place and thus prevented 
from getting stuck in an especially bad place. The driver should 
never fight the sand. Speeding the engine and spinning the wheels 
accomplish nothing. 

ADOBE FLATS AND RIVER FLOOD PLAINS. 

The ephemeral streams of the desert often have no definite channels 
but spread out in broad flats of sandy clay or adobe within which are 
only minor channels. Such flats are often covered with forests of 
mesquite and sometimes with " galleta " grass. The flood plains of 
the rivers are usually of similar though somewhat softer material. 

In wet weather such places are likely to be " seas of mud," over 
which passage is difficult, if possible at all. Local advice should be 
sought and carefully considered before attempting to cross. Fortu- 
nate indeed is the traveler who can make camp and wait for the great 
adobe flats of the Quijotoa Valley to dry. 

In dry weather, especially if there is much travel, roads across 
adobe flats and river flood plains have deep ruts and many chuck 
holes. They are rough and dusty but have no dangers if traveled 
slowly. Very deep ruts let the machine down so far that the axles, 
transmission, and other low-hung parts are liable to strike the center 
of the road. Such roads are said to have " high centers." Though 
most common in adobe flats, high centers are found wherever there 
is excessive wear on the wheel ruts or where rain water washes them. 
No danger is more easily avoided or will wreck a machine more 
quickly. 

Usually in adobe flats there is a choice of tracks which, crossing 
and recrossing each other, all lead to the same place. If the surface 
is hard and the car lightly laden, it is often possible to strike off in 
a new track and thus avoid the chuck holes. This should be at- 
tempted with caution, however, as the surface may not be as hard 
as it looks. 

MOUNTAIN AND HILL AREAS. 

The difficulties of mountain areas are uncompromising. As a 
rule it is clearly either possible or impossible for a car to go to any 
given place. Around the borders or as basins within the mountains 
there are many areas of rocky, rolling country, where good roads are 
common. The interstream areas present no difficulties and can often 
be traveled without a road, although the wear on tires is excessive. 
The streams, however, lie in little rocky canyons with walls 10 to 
30 feet high. They are often harder to cross than the arroyos of 
the valleys, and many are impassable. 



334 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

Travel off the main roads in these areas is usually directed toward 
mines and prospects, and strangers will do well to consult local 
prospectors before attempting abandoned or little-traveled roads. 

ROAD LOGS. 
TUCSON-YUMA ROAD. 

Travel from Tucson to California for many years has followed two main 
routes. The first route ran north to Gila River in the vicinity of the Plum 
villages, which lay along the river from Florence to Maricopa, and thence 
followed the river to the present site of Yuma. The other route ascended 
Santa Cruz River, crossed the present Mexican border to Saric or Caborca, and 
thence by way of Sonoita followed the Camino del Diablo across the desert into 
Yuma. The northern route was the easier in grades and in the presence of 
wood and water, but it was exposed to the raids of the Apaches. The southern 
route was dreaded because of recurrent disasters from lack of water. 

At present the same distinction still holds in part, and travelers who desire 
comfort and safety will proceed from Tucson to Florence (pp. 361-365) and 
thence by way of Phoenix to Yuma, or in dry weather they may take the direct 
road from Tucson by way of Maricopa to Yuma (pp. 366-368). 

The route to Yuma by way of Ajo, which is the modern representative of 
the old southern route, has been made possible by the increased number of 
watering places and is no longer dangerous in any sense. Travelers should, 
however, be prepared to camp and make road repairs. Two days' supply of 
water and sufficient gasoline for 150 miles of travel for automobiles are good 
insurance against trouble. 

OLD MAIN ROUTE. 

TUCSON TO YUMA (272.9 MILES). 

[See pp. 340-344 for log in opposite direction.] 

The part of this road from Tucson to Ajo consists of a number of alternative 
routes which are covered by the following logs. The first 45 miles out of 
Tucson is the same for all routes. Of this distance the first 36 miles is a well- 
graded macadamized road which was in excellent condition in 1921 and will 
undoubtedly be maintained in passable condition by Pima County. The last 
25 miles has also been converted into a graded highway, of which the 15.5 miles 
from Gunsight ranch to Ajo is the same for all routes. By this new construc- 
tion the distance from Gunsight ranch to Ajo has been reduced 1.3 miles. The 
log of the Pozo Blanco route has been adjusted for this difference, but travelers 
using the other logs should allow for it. 

The old main route goes by way of Indian Oasis, Copeka, and Gunsight ranch 
to Ajo. The best present route is the Pozo Blanco route, which, branching 
off at the north end of Baboquivari Mountains, goes by way of Comobabi, 
Cobabi, Covered Wells, Pozo Blanco, and Gunsight ranch to Ajo. The old main 
route has three alternatives between Copeka and Gunsight ranch. The prefer- 
able road in ordinary weather is the Charco en Medio route by way of Pisinemo 
and Charco en Medio. This route is followed in the main log. The Cubo route 
branches from the Charco en Medio route at Pisinemo and goes to Gunsight 
ranch by way of Cubo, passing close to Walls Well. The Comovo route branches 
near Copeka and goes by way of Comovo and Cubo to Gunsight. It is likely 
to be the best route in wet weather. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 335 

0.0 Tucson post office. Go north one block, turn west on Congress Street, 

and proceed westward, passing station of El Paso & Southwestern 

Railroad on left. 
0.4 Concrete bridge across Santa Cruz River. 
0.6 Come into north-south road. Turn to left along base of Sentinel Hill. 

Right-hand road goes to Silver Bell. 
3.8 Crossroads. Take road on west, which is a new macadam road leading 

through Robles Pass, for 22 miles into the desert. Road south goes to 

San Xavier Mission (see p. 353) ; road east goes to Indian school 

and connects with valley roads. 
5.6 Quarry on left. 

7.8 Fork. Road on left goes to Mile Wide Copper Co. 
10.6 Snyders Hill, with quarry on left. 
13.9 Well on left. 
21.6 Well on right. These wells were drilled for supplying water for road 

building; not certain whether they will be maintained as watering 

places. 

23.3 Robles ranch. Well and good water. 

23.4 Fork. County signpost. Keep to rigid. Road on left leads to Sasabe, 

La Osa, and Arivaca. (See p. 355.) 

25.0 Steel bridge over large arroyo. 

31.1 Reverse fork. Road on left comes in from Indian field. 

34.0 Crossroads. Keep straight ahead. Road on left comes in from Alamo, 
winter rancheria, and well. Water half a mile south on this road. 
Road on right leads to San Pedro, winter rancheria, and well (4 
miles). 

34.2 Reverse fork. Second road from Alamo. 

36.0 Roadside mine. Miners' shacks and new shaft on left. Water and 
limited amount of supplies can be obtained here when mine is being 
operated. Graded highway extended a short distance beyond this 
point in 1920. 

36.3 Dobbs Well on left. Water can be obtained with rope 55 feet long 

and bucket. 

39.4 Fork. County sign. Keep to right. Left-hand road to Coyote, winter 

rancheria and well. Water half a mile by this road. 
!<U Cross faint road. 

40.2 Reverse fork. County sign. Road from Coyote comes in on left. 
41.0 Reverse fork. Faint road comes in on left. 

43.6 Crossroads. Road on left from Coronel; road on right to Santa Rosa 

ranch. 

44.0 San Vicente. Well, good water. Small store but no gasoline and 

limited amount of supplies. 

45.1 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take left-hand road through gate; right- 

hand road is Pozo Blanco route, best route in 1920. (See p. 345.) 

46.7 Road forks. County sign. Take right-hand road here. Left-hand road 

leads to Babokuk, winter rancheria, and well. Water 2 miles south 
on this road. 

47.2 Crossroad leading from Babokuk to temporales. 
47.7 Reverse fork. Road from Babokuk comes in on left. 
50.1 Reverse fork. Faint road comes in on right. 

52.6 Fresnal ranch. Well on right. County sign on left. Well now used by 
U. S. Indian Service, and water can probably be obtained at all 
seasons. 



336 EOUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

54.0 Fork. Keep to left uphill to Papago hut at mile r>4.3. Faint road on 

right along fence leads through fields to Jeowic, summer rancherfa. 

55.1 Road fork ; county sign. Keep to right ; left-hand road goes to Magdalena, 

Tucsoncito, and Topahua. 
55.9 Reverse fork. Faint road comes in on right. 
56.7 Cross faint road from Tusconcito to Jeowic. 

59.0 Reverse fork. County sign on left. Road from Tucsoncito comes in on 

left. 

59.4 Fork. Road on right goes to Artesa Pond, a quarter of a mile, no drink- 

ing water. (See PI. XXVIII, A.) 

59.5 Reverse fork. County sign on left ; road from Topahua comes in on left ; 

go up rocky hill. 
60.9 Artesa, winter rancheria, well on right; better water half a mile 
farther at Indian Oasis. 

61.3 Government school on left. 

61.4 Indian Oasis, Sells post office. United States Indian Service well on 

right; Presbyterian Mission on left; meals can usually be obtained 
there; store on hill directly ahead, 0.4 mile by road; post office, sup- 
plies, and gasoline ; good water can be obtained from Government Well, 
Presbyterian Mission Well, or Menegers Well. North and south routes 
to Big Fields begin at this point. Northern route is half a mile longer 
but often better. (See p. 344 for log.) Consult storekeeper as to 
which road is in better condition. Following southern route, keep to 
left past Geological Survey sign (mile 61.6) between hill and fence. 
No permanent water until Gunsight ranch is reached (58 miles) . 
61.7 House on left. 

62.1 Well on left ; no water obtainable. 

62.9 Double-road fork. Geological Survey sign. Take right (west) fork, fol- 
lowing south side of fence to mile 63.2. Left fork goes to James Well; 
middle fork to Tecolote and Mexico. 

63.2 Pass north and to right of fence corner. 

71.0 Small earth dam (represo) on left, then corral. 

71.3 County sign; bear to right with houses and fields on right. 

71.4 County sign ; continue westward on south side of fences. 

73.9 Reverse fork; Geological Survey sign at Big Fields, summer rancheria. 
Alternate road from Indian Oasis comes in on right. (See p. 345.) 
Proceed westward. 

80.7 Copeka. Summer rancheria. Road usually obliterated by trampling of 
cattle; pass between corral and hill. Water in the pond several 
months of the year; it should be boiled before drinking. Road 
leads south from this point to Tonukvo (2.6 miles). By crossing main 
drain of the valley just north of the pond and going westward toward 
the hills an old road will be found leading to Serventi Well and 
Menegers Dam. (See p. 395.) Road to Ajo, turn to right (north) at 
corral. 

80.9 Houses on right. 

81.4 Cross small levee. 

82.9 Road fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to right. Road on left is 
Comovo route. (See p. 349.) 

83.3 Faint road on right. 

84.4 Road forks on left to house ; keep to left. 
84.9 Represo on left. 

85.3 House on left ; field on right. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 337 

85.8 Field on right ; then numerous crossroads and forks to Black Butte. 

89.6 Geological Survey sign. Follow around brush fence. Road comes in on 
left (southwest) from oCmovo. (See p. 350.) Road goes northeast- 
ward on south side of temporal to Black Butte (8 miles). 

89.8 Houses on right. 

90.0 Hardimui. Summer rancheria. Geological Survey sign. No permanent 
water. Houses and represo on right. Bear to left; corral on right 
(east) ; houses on left. 

90.4 Corral on left. 

90.6 Small represo. 

93.0 Cross wash and follow left (west) of large represo into Pisinemo. 

93.2 Pisinemo. Summer rancheria. Small represo on right; about 12 houses 

including small church and house with tin roof on left. No perma- 
nent water. Follow along south side of brush fence to corner. Road 
to Comovo goes southwest toward two small hills on plain on left side 
of house with tin roof (5.7 miles). Road to Pozo Blanco goes north- 
east by small represo (11.1 miles). Road to Black Butte goes east 
between the two represos (8.2 miles). 

93.6 Road fork at southwest corner of brush fence. Geological Survey sign. 
Keep to right along fence; road on left is Cubo route. (See p. 348.) 

93.8 End of fence. 

95.3 Faint road on right. 
96.8 Small charco on right. 

101.8 Three small black hills a quarter of a mile north of road. 
109.1 Cross difficult wash into gap between low hills. 

109.6 Small charco on left (south). 

110.1 Small charco on right (north). 

110.7 Charco en Medio. Summer rancheria. Represo on left, usually dry; 

houses on hill to left. Continue northwestward on main traveled road. 
Road to Cubo goes to left ( south ) on west of represo. Road to Charco 
de la Piedra, very faint, on right, west of houses. 

111.8 Charco on left. 

113.2 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left. 

113.7 Fork. Keep to right. Alternate road on left; no advantages. 

114.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Come into east-west road. This 

is the Pozo Blanco route, now an improved highway. (See p. 345.) 
Turn to left (west). 

116.1 Reverse fork. Alternate road from Charco en Medio comes in on left. 
116.7 Cross wash. 

118.7 Cross faint road. 

118.8 Cross wash. 

118.9 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Come into well-traveled road. 

This is Cubo route. (See p. 348.) 

119.3 Turn to right (northwest). Road from Gunsight mine, 1 mile distant, 

comes in here. 

119.4 Gunsight ranch, also called Blair's ranch ; Geological Survey sign. Good 

water in well on right of road. Continue through gate. Road to Pozo 
Redondo, Charco de la Piedra, and Perigua turns off on right up wash. 
119.8 Come into highway. (See p. 345.) A faint road comes in on left from 
Gunsight mine. Left-hand road goes to Jaques ranch (0.7 mile), 
where water can usually be obtained, and to Lewis Well (3.1 miles), 
which has good water. This detour returns to main road in 6.4 miles. 
Smokestack of New Cornelia Copper Co.'s plant at Ajo visible to the 
northwest. 



338 KOUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

124.7 Fork. Keep to left. Right-hand road to Childs ranch. 

126.5 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road from Jaques ranch and 

Lewis Well comes in on left. 
129.5 Fork. Keep straight on. Right-hand road leads to Childs ranch. 

130.4 Faint road comes in on left. 

131.5 Reverse fork. Old road comes in on left. 

132.8 Fork on left to Darby Well (1.5 miles); then fork on right to Childs 

ranch (3 miles) ; turn downhill (north) and cross wash. 

133.0 Road to Levy's ranch goes off on left ; no well, but water can be ob- 

tained in emergencies. 

133.9 Reverse fork. Well-traveled road comes in on right from Childs ranch 

(2.7 miles). Turn to left (west). 

134.2 Reverse fork. Road from Darby Well comes in on left. 

135.3 Clarkstown (Rowood post office) ; water supply, groceries, supplies, re- 

pairs, gasoline. Continue west on main street and turn to right 
(northwest) along fence of New Cornelia Copper Co.'s mill. 
135.9 Re verse fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left across tracks and 
then to right into town. Road from Yuma and Gila Bend comes in on 
right. 

136.2 A jo railroad station. Excellent water supply; hotels, stores, automobile 

supplies, repairs, gasoline, etc. From Ajo roads lead south to Sonoita, 
Sonora (see p. 410), west by the Camino del Diablo to Yuma (see 
p. 402), and north to Gila Rend and Phoenix (see p. 391). Best 
route to Yuma is by way of Sentinel ; return to railroad crossing and 
Geological Survey sign, same as mile 135.9. 

136.5 Geological Survey sign ; bear north toward frame shacks. 

137.3 Fork. Old road goes off on right. 

137.7 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take left-hand road ; right-hand road 
leads to No. 1 well. 

138.3 Cross railroad. 

139.1 Reverse fork. Road from Gibson, a suburb of Ajo, comes in on left. 

144.0 Cross railroad. 

144.9 Batamote Well. Geological Survey sign. Good water in dug wells on 
right; next water 34 miles away. 

145.4 Cross railroad. Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left (southwest) 

parallel to railroad; right-hand road goes to Gila Bend (see p. 391) ; 
center faint road is abandoned. 

145.6 Turn to right (west). 

148.5 No. 3 well. Road usually obliterated by cattle tracks. Turn fence 

corner by well and drive north between corral and house. Deep drilled 
well ; pumping plant abandoned in 1921, and water unobtainable by 
travelers. 

150.1 Cross bad wash. 

150.3 Abandoned road comes in on right; enter gap in hills. 
151.0 Drift fence ; close gate. 

152.4 Drift fence; close gate. 

152.9 Cross deep wash and rocky hill ; follow along border of Crater Mountains, 

keeping the hills on the left. 
157.4 Turn to left (northwest) around rocky point into gap. 

158.2 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Continue northwest through gap 

in hills. Road and trail lead from Black Tanks (1.7 miles) ; uncer- 
tain water. (See PI. XXVII, A.) 

162.7 End of gap. Turn slightly right ( north )- 
163.2 Begin to run on lava of Sentinel basalt plain. 



ARIZONA. 339 

179.4 Brown's Hotel and store at Sentinel; water, rooms, meals, supplies, gaso- 
line. Pass in front of hotel and proceed west. 

179.9 Cross railroad; road fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left along 
railroad track; center road leads to Agua Caliente; right-hand road 
goes east to Sentinel station and thence along railroad to Gila Bend. 
(See p. 385.) 

186.6 Stanwix. Water in emergencies at section house. 
188.4 Go downhil off Sentinel basalt plain. 

194.4 Aztec. Water from railroad well. Geological Survey sign. Continue 
west on north side of track; considerable drifted sand. Road to 
Palomas (7 miles) on right (north) ; road to Eagle Tanks crosses track 
and goes southwest. 

206.4 Stoval. Water in emergencies at section house. Continue west along 

track ; much drifted sand. Road to Garcia Well and Whites Well 
crosses railroad and goes south. (See p. 415.) 

211.5 Fork. Continue west along track. Road to left crosses railroad and 

goes south to Red Cross mine (5 miles). 
213.0 Turn to left under bridge to south side of track. 

213.3 Turn to right under bridge to north side of track. 

213.9 Mohawk. Water, limited amount of supplies, gasoline. Continue west 
through heavy drifted sand. Road leads north from Mohawk to 
Norton (7 miles). Difficult and w r aterless road leads south 52.5 miles 
to Papago Well. 

217.5 Pembroke. Water in emergencies at section house; heavy sand to 
Colfred. 

222.5 Colfred. Railroad siding. 

231.4 Red hill on right of road. 

235.7 Wellton, post office. Water, hotel, garage, supplies, gasoline. Camino 

del Diablo comes in on south. (See p. 402.) The main Phoenix-Ynma 
road J comes in on the east, and the two routes are the same from 
Wellton to Yuma. Go west between post office and hotel. 

238.4 Turn to left (south). 

238.9 Turn to right (west). 

239.4 House with windmill on right ; good water. 

240.9 Reynolds well; good water on left. 

243.0 Macadam road begins. 

252.9 Dome. Post office, water, hotel, gasoline. Continue northwestward on 
macadam road. From Dome a road leads across the river to Castle 
Dome and other points in Yuma County.' 

259.6 Blaisdell. End of macadam; water at Imperials Well, 0.7 mile north- 

west by sandy road. Road to Fortuna mine crosses railroad through 
gate and goes south. (See p. 416.) Turn west and follow best of 
many rutty tracks over soft ground in the flood plain of Gila River. 

266.9 Windmill on left; water. 

271.9 Cross railroad track and follow it into Main Street of Yuma to railroad 
station. 

272.9 Yuma. Post office, water supply, hotels, repairs, gasoline, and supplies. 
From this town a bridge across Colorado River connects with roads 
to Los Angeles and San Diego. 8 

1 Ross, C. P., Routes to desert watering places in the lower Gila region, Ariz. : U. S. 
Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 490, pp. 271-315, 1922 (Water-Supply Paper 490-C). 

2 Ross, C. P., op. cit. 

3 Brown, J. S., Routes to desert watering places in the Salton Sea region, Calif. : U. S. 
Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 490, pp. 1-86, 1920 (Water-Supply Paper 490-A). 

157142°— 22 3 



340 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

TTJMA TO TUCSON (272.9 MILES). 

[See pp. 334—339 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Yuma. Post office, hotels, supplies, gasoline, and repairs. Go south. 
1.0 Cross railroad track to southern outskirts of town; turn to left (east). 
6.0 AVindmill on right ; water. Follow best of many rutty tracks. 

13.3 Blaisdell. Turn north on good macadam road. Water at Imperials 

Well, 0.7 mile northwest. Road to Fortuna mine goes through gate, 

crosses railroad, and goes south. (See p. 416.) 
20.0 Dome. Post office, water, hotel, supplies, gasoline. Continue southward 

on macadam road. From Dome a road leads across the river to 

Castle Dome and other points in Yuma County. 4 
29.9 End of macadam road. Go eastward by best track over soft valley road. 
32.0 Reynolds Well. Good water on right. 
33.7 House w ith windmill on left ; good water. 
34.0 Turn to left (north). 
34.5 Turn to right (east). 

37.2 Wellton. Post office, water, hotel, garage, supplies, gasoline. Camino 

del Diablo comes in on south. (See p. 406.) The main Phoenix- Yuma 
road 4 branches off at this point. Continue east, keeping railroad on 
right. 

41.5 Red hill on left of road. 

50.4 Colfred. Railroad siding; heavy sand to Pembroke. 

55.4 Pembroke. Water in emergencies at section house; heavy sand to 
Mohawk. 

59.0 Mohawk. Water; limited amount of supplies, gasoline. Continue east 
through gap. Road leads north from Mohawk to Norton. Difficult and 
waterless road leads south 52.5 miles to Papago Well. 

59.6 Turn to right under bridge to south side of track. 
59.9 Turn to left under bridge to north side of track. 

61.4 Fork. Continue east along track. Road on right crosses railroad and 

goes south to Red Cross mine (5 miles). 

66.5 Stoval. Water in emergencies at section house. Continue east along 

track ; much drifted sand. Road to Garcia Well and Whites Well 

crosses railroad and goes south. (See p. 415.) 
78.5 Aztec. Water from railroad well. Geological Survey sign. Continue. 

east along track. Road to Palomas (7 miles) comes in on left (north). 

Road to Eagle Tanks crosses track and goes southwest. 
84.5 Go uphill to Sentinel basalt plain. 

86.3 Stanwix. Water in emergencies at section house. 

93.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Cross railroad and turn to left to Brown's 
Hotel (mile 93.5). Road on left leads from Agua Caliente; road 
straight ahead along track goes to Sentinel station and thence along 
railroad to Gila Bend. (See p. 385.) 
93.5 Sentinel. Brown's Hotel and store ; water, rooms, meals, supplies, gaso- 
line. Pass in front of hotel and turn to right (southwest) across lava 
of Sentinel Plain. 

109.7 Run off lava of Sentinel Plain across flat valley to gap in Crater 
Mountains. 

110.2 Turn into gap. 

114.7 Fork. Keep to left. Road and trail on right go to Black Tanks (1.7 
miles) ; uncertain water. 

4 Ross, C. P., op. cit. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 341 

115.5 Turn to right (southeast) and follow along border of Crater Mountains, 

keeping hills on right. 
120.0 Cross rock hill and deep wash into gap in hills. 

120.5 Drift fence; close gate. 
121.9 Drift fence; close gate. 

122.6 Enter open valley; abandoned road forks to left; head toward well 

tower in middle of valley. 

122.8 Cross bad wash. 

124.4 No. 3 well; deep well ; pumping plant abandoned in 1921, and water unob- 

tainable by travelers. Road usually obliterated by cattle tracks; 
turn to left at well and go southeastward up valley toward Batamote 
Mountains. 

127.3 Turn to left along railroad track. 

127.5 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to right and cross railroad 

track. Two roads come in at this fork, a faint abandoned road and 
the road from Gila Bend to Ajo (see p. 389), which is followed from 
this point into Ajo. 
128.0 Batamote AVell. Geological Survey sign. Good water in dug wells. 
Keep to right of wells. 

128.9 Cross railroad. 

133.8 Fork. Take left-hand road ; road to right goes to Gibson, a suburb of 

Ajo, and is very difficult for automobiles. 

134.6 Cross railroad. 

135.2 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road from No. 1 well comes in 

on left. 

135.6 Reverse fork. Old road comes in on left. 

136.4 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Cross railroad and turn to right 

in the town to Ajo railroad station (mile 136.6). Road comes in on 
left from Clarkstown and Tucson. 
136.6 Ajo. Excellent water supply, hotels, stores, automobile supplies, gaso- 
line, and repairs. From Ajo roads lead south to Sonoita, Sonora (see 
p. 410), west by Camino del Diablo to Yuma (see p. 402), and north 
to Gila Bend and Phoenix (see p. 391). Return to Geological Survey 
sign same as at mile 136.4. 

136.9 Geological Survey sign. Turn to right, keeping mill of New Cornelia 

Copper Co. on right. 

137.6 Clarkstown (Rowood post office) ; water supply, repairs, gasoline, and 

supplies. Continue east on Main Street. 

138.7 Fork. Keep .to left on improved highway. Road to right goes to Darby 

Well. 

139.0 Fork. Turn to right. Road on left goes to Childs ranch (2.7 miles). 
139.9 Road to Levy's ranch goes off on right ; no well, but water can be ob- 
tained in emergencies. Go uphill. 

140.1 Fork on left to Childs Well (3 miles) ; then fork on right to Darby 

Well (1.5 miles). Go southeast toward Gunsight Pass. 

141.4 Fork. Old road goes off on right. 

142.5 Fork. Faint road goes off on right. 

143.4 Reverse fork. Keep straight on ; left-hand road comes from Childs ranch. 

146.4 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take left-hand road. Road on right goes 

to Lewis Well (3.3 miles), good water, and Jaques ranch (5.7 miles). 
This detour returns to main road in 6.4 miles. 

148.2 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from Childs ranch (7 miles). 

152.5 Crossroads. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left. Faint road on right 

goes to Gunsight mine. Road from Jaques ranch and Lewis AVell 
comes in on right. 



342 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

153.5 Gunsight ranch, also called Blair's ranch. Improved highway is Pozo 

Blanco route to Tucson. (See p. 345.) Go through gate to Geological 
Survey sign. Good water in well on left. No permanent water for 
58 miles by this route. Cross wash and bear to left, avoiding faint 
road which forks to right at mile 153.6 to Gunsight mine. This mine 
can be seen on the side of a large hill, a mile away. Road to Pozo 
Redondo, Charco de la Piedra, and Perigua (see i>. 408) turns to 
left up wash from Geological Survey sign. 

154.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left. Road on right is Cubo 

route. (See p. 348.) 

154.1 Cross wash and faint road. 

156.2 Cross wash. 

156.8 Fork. Keep to left; road on right is an alternate road to Charco en Medio 

with no advantages. 

158.9 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to right. 
159.2 Reverse fork. Alternate road comes in on right. 

159.7 Fork. Keep to left. 

161.1 Charco on right. 

162.2 Charco en Medio. Summer rancheria ; represo on right usually dry. 

Continue to east between houses and represo through gap in hills. 
Road to Charco de la Piedra, very faint, leads to left on west of 
houses. Road to Cubo goes to right on west of represo. 

162.8 Small charco on left (north) of road. 

163.3 Small charco on right (south) of road. 

163.8 Cross difficult wash and swing to right out of gap in hills. 
171.1 Three small black hills a quarter of mile north of road. 
176.1 Small charco left of road. 

177.6 Faint road comes in on left. 

179.1 Corner of brush fence. Follow along fence. 

179.3 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left around fence corner 
Keep house with tin roof on right to small represo of Pisinemo. Road 
which comes in on right at the fork is the Cubo route. (See p. 348.) 

179.7 Pisinemo. Summer rancheria ; small represo on the left, about 12 houses, 

including small church and house with tin roof. No permanent water. 
Keep large represo on left and go southeast. 

179.9 Cross wash. 
182.3 Small represo. 

182.5 Corral on right. 

182.9 Hardimui. Summer rancheria. Geological Survey sign. No permanent 
water. With houses and corral on left run near brush fence of tem- 
poral and follow along fence and then turn to left around corner of 
brush fence. 

183.3 Geological Survey sign. Go straight ahead to southeast. Hold to main 
traveled road. Road on right (southwest) leads to Comovo (5 miles). 
Road goes northeastward on south side of temporal to Black Butte 
(8 miles). 

187.6 House on right; field on left. 

188.0 Represo on right. 

189.1 Faint road forks off on left. 

190.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Go southeast toward small hill 

in the plain. Road on right is Comovo route. (See p. 349.) 
191.5 Cross small levee. 
192.0 Houses on left. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 343 

192.2 Copeka. Summer rancheria. Road usually obliterated by trampling of 
cattle. Pass between corral and hill, and turn to east. Water in pond 
several months a year. It should be boiled before drinking. Road 
leads south from west side of pond to Tonukvo ( 2.6 miles ) . By turning 
to right and crossing main drain of valley just north of pond and going 
westward toward hills an old road will be found leading to Serventi 
Well and Menegers Dam. (See p. 395.) 

399.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign at Big Fields. Keep to right. Alternate 
road to Indian Oasis on left. (See p. 345.) 

201.5 County sign. Keep on south side of fences of Big Fields. 

201.6 County sign ; bear to left. 

201.9 Corral and then represo, usually dry, on right. 

209.7 Pass north and to left of fence corner, then follow south of fields. 

210.0 Double reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Roads come in from 
Tecolote and Mexico and from James Well. 

210.8 Well on right ; no water obtainable. 

211.2 House on right. Go between hill and fence. 

211.4 Geological Survey sign. 

211.5 Indian Oasis (Sells post office) ; United States Indian Service well on 

left. Presbyterian Mission on right. Meals can usually be obtained 
there. Good water can be obtained from Government Well, Presby- 
terian Mission Well, and Menegers Well near arroyo. Store is on hill 
on left of Geological Survey sign, 0.4 mile by road. Continue due east 
on main road. 

211.6 Government school on right. 

212.0 Artesa. Winter rancheria ; well on left. 
213.2 Top of rocky hill. 

213.4 Fork at foot of rocky hill. County sign. Road from Topahua forks to 

right. 

213.5 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from Artesa Pond, a quarter of a 

mile ; no drinking water. 

213.9 Fork. County sign on left. Road from Tucsoncito comes in on right. 

216.2 Cross faint road from Tucsoncito to Jeowic. 
217.0 Fork. Faint road comes in on right. 

217.8 Reverse fork. County sign. Road from Magdalena, Tucsoncito, and 

Topahua comes in on right. 

218.6 Pass Papago hut on right and go downhill. 

218.9 Reverse fork. Faint road comes in through fields from Jeowic. 

220.3 County sign on right. Fresnal ranch on left. Well now used by United 

States Indian Service, and water can probably be obtained at all 
seasons. 
222.8 Fork. Faint road on left. 

225.2 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes to Babokuk, winter rancheria 

and well ; water 2 miles southeast on this road. 

225.7 Cross a road leading from Babokuk to temporales. 

226.7 Reverse fork. County sign ; go straight ahead through gate. Road comes 

in on right from Babokuk. 

227.8 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Pozo Blanco route (see p. 345) 

comes in on left. 

228.9 San Vicente. Well, store with limited amount of supplies, no gasoline. 

229.3 Crossroads. Road on left leads from Santa Rosa ranch (8.2 miles) ; road 

on right goes to Coronel (1.1 miles). A small masonry dam at this 
place holds water for a short time after rains. 



344 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

231.9 Faint road on right. 

232.7 Fork. County sign. Keep to left, road on right goes to Coyote, winter 

rancheria, and well ; water half a mile by this road. 

232.8 Cross faint road. 

233.5 Reverse fork. County sign. Road from Coyote comes in on right. 

236.6 Dobbs Well on right. Water can be obtained with rope 55 feet long 

and bucket. 

236.9 Roadside mine on left. Miners' shacks on right. Water and limited 

amount of supplies can be obtained here when mine is being operated. 

238.7 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes to Alamo, winter rancheria, and 

well ; water a quarter of a mile on this road. 
238.9 Crossroads. Keep straight ahead. Road on right is second road to 
Alamo. Road on left goes to San Pedro, winter rancheria, and well 
(4 miles). 

241.8 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes to Indian field. 
243.5 Cross wash and travel on or beside graded road. 

247.3 Beginning of macadam road, which continues for next 20 miles to Tucson. 

247.9 Steel bridge over large arroyo. 

249.5 Fork. County signpost. Stay on macadam road. Road on right to 

Sasabe, La Osa, and Arivaca. (For log see p. 355.) 

249.6 Robles ranch. Well and good water. 
251.3 Well on left., 

259.0 Well on right. These wells were drilled for supplying water for road 

building; not certain whether they will be maintained as watering 
places. 
202.3 Snyders Hill and quarry on right. 

205.1 Reverse fork. Road from Mile Wide Copper Co. comes in on left. Thence 

through Robles Pass. 
207.3 Quarry on right. 
209.1 Crossroads. Turn to left. Road on right goes to San Xavier Mission; 

road straight ahead goes to Indian school and connects with valley 

roads. 
272.3 Fork. Turn to right across bridge. Road straight ahead (north) goes to 

Silver Bell. (See p. 354.) 
272.5 Concrete bridge over Santa Cruz River.. Go eastward on Congress Street, 

passing station of El Paso & Southwestern Railroad on right. 
272.9 Tucson. Post office, hotels, garages, and supplies. 

NORTHERN ROAD BETWEEN INDIAN OASIS AND BIG FIELDS. 

INDIAN OASIS TO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SIGN AT BIG FIELDS (12.9 MILES). 

[See p. 345 for log in opposite direction.] 

This road branches from the main road at Indian Oasis and returns to it at 
Big Fields. It is only about half a mile longer than the route described on pages 
336 and 343 and is often in better condition. (For log from Tucson to Indian 
Oasis see pp. 335-336.) 

61.6 Indian Oasis. Geological Survey sign. Drive north. 
62.4 Cross arroyo. Menegers Well on right. 

62.7 Hill and Papago houses on right ; thence between fences to fence corner. 
63.0 Fence corner and fork. Turn to left (west) around fence corner. Road 

on right goes northwest to Iron Pipe, Quijotoa, Santa Rosa, and 
Casa Grande. (See p. 393.) 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 345 

66.0 Represo on right. 

70.9 House on left ; numerous crossroads and branches from here on. Keep 

fields on left and go west. 
71.5 Houses on left. 

72.2 Big Fields. Kepreso on right, usually dry. Keep houses and fields on 

left. Numerous minor forks and crossroads. 

74.5 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. This is the same fork as at mile 

73.9 by the main or southern route. (See p. 336.) 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SIGN AT BIG FIELDS TO INDIAN OASIS (12.9 MLES). 
[See p. 344 for log in opposite direction.] 

This road branches from the main Yuma-Tucson road at the Geological 
Survey sign just west of Big Fields and goes north of the temporales and 
houses to Indian Oasis. It is 0.6 mile longer but is often in better condition. 
(For log from Yuma to Big Fields see pp. 340-343.) 

199.0 Fork west of Big Fields. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left, avoiding 
numerous minor forks and crossroads and keeping houses and fields on 
right. Route on right is the main or southern route. 

201.3 Big Fields. Represo on left, usually dry. 

202.0 Houses on right. Avoid numerous minor forks and crossroads. Keep 

fields on right. 
202.6 House on right. 
207.5 Represo on left. 
210.5 Fence corner and reverse fork. Turn to right and go south between 

fences. Road from Iron Pipe, Quijotoa, Santa Rosa, and Casa 

Grande (see p. 393) comes in on left. 

210.8 Hill and Papago houses on left. 

211.1 Cross arroyo. Meneg;ers Well on left. 

211.9 Indian Oasis. Geological Survey sign. This is the same point as mile 

211.3 on the main route. (See p. 343.) 

P0Z0 BLANCO ROUTE. 

TUCSON TO AJO (126.6 MILES). 

[See pp. 346-347 for log in opposite direction.] 

The Pozo Blanco route turns off the main road from Tucson to Ajo at the 
north end of Baboquivari Mountains and returns near Gunsight ranch. It is 
somewhat more hilly and in wet weather more passable than the old main road. 
Its principal advantage lies in the facts that the watering places are wells and 
that it has been recently improved. (For detailed log of road from Tucson to 
fork of Pozo Blanco route see p. 335. ) 

0.0 Tucson. 

23.3 Robles Well. 
36.3 Dobbs Well. 

44.0 San Vicente. 

45.1 Fork. Beginning of Pozo Blanco route. Geological Survey sign. Take 

right-hand road; left-hand road is old main road by way of Indian 
Oasis. 

47.6 Fence corner ; follow along north side of fence. 

50.5 Fork. Road on right to Compartidero represo and Santa Rosa ranch, 
deep well. 



346 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

51.2 Gate. Turn to left through gate and then to right along south side of 

fence. Go to south of isolated Woods Hill into gap. 

54.4 Comobabi. Winter rancheria, in pass between North Comobabi and South 
Comobabi mountains; two dug wells and village south of road. Pro- 
ceed west along northern border of South Comobabi Mountains. 

55.0 Divide. Go west. 

59.4 Fork ; keep to right. This and next road go to Cobabi, winter rancheria, 

dug well. 

61.0 Fork ; keep to right. 

G2.0 Crossroads. Continue west. This and next two roads go to Cobabi and 

near-by mines. 
G4.9 Crossroads. 

65.3 Crossroads. 

68.6 Fields and houses on right for next half mile. 

70.3 Sikulhimakt. Represo inside of mesquite corral in center of Santa Rosa 
Valley. Go west on north side of represo. Road from Casa Grande to 
Tecolote and Mexico goes through this place. 

71.1 Small represo on left. Follow main traveled road to west and northwest, 

avoiding numerous roads turning west to Horseshoe, Quijotoa post 
office. 
76.3 Well. Most easterly well of village of Covered Wells. 

76.7 Well. 

78.1 Spears's store. Water, gasoline, oil, and supplies. 

78.6 West wells of Covered Wells. Two dug wells, firm, hard road, hilly to 
Pozo Blanco. Avoid fork on right. (See p. 377.) 

83.5 Pozo Blanco. Winter rancherfa ; well on right hand in corrals ; water 

good but should be boiled. Go west toward gap on right hand 
(north) of large black hill. Road to Pisinemo goes off on left between 
houses and passes south of large black hill. 
84.1 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right from Brownell and Black Prince 
mine. 

85.1 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take road on left across valley to small 

conical butte called Ninemile Peak ; road on right leads to unnamed 
temporales and thence to Perigua. 

89.6 Crossroads just east of abandoned temporal. Continue west. 

93.2 Cross main drain of Quijotoa Valley. Small charco on right ; abandoned 

temporal on left. New graded road begins near this point. 
101.8 Ninemile Peak on left. 

105.2 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Charco en Medio route comes in 

on left. 

106.3 Reverse fork. Alternate road from Charco en Medio comes in on left. 
109.1 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Cubo route comes in on left. 

From here road is same as that given in log of main route. 
111.1 Gunsigbt ranch. 
126.6 Ajo. 

A JO TO TUCSON (126.4 MILES). 

TSee pp. .°)45-340 for log in opposite direction.] 

The Pozo Blanco route turns off the old main road from Ajo to Tucson near 
Gunsight ranch and returns at the north end of the Baboquivari Mountains. 
It is somewhat more hilly and in wet weather more passable than the main 
road. Its principal advantage lies in the fact that the watering places are 
wells and thus more dependable in very dry weather. (For detailed log of 
road from Ajo to fork of Pozo Blanco route see pp. 341-342. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 347 

0.0 Ajo. 

16.8 Gunsight ranch. 

17.3 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Cubo route comes in on left. (See p. 
348.) 

20.1 Fork. Keep to right. Road on left is alternate road to Charco en Medio. 

21.2 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left. Main route through Charco 

en Medio on right. 
25.2 Ninemile Peak on right. 

35.1 Cross main drain of Quijotoa Valley. Small charco on left; abandoned 

temporal on right. 
3G.7 Crossroads just east of abandoned temporal ; continue east. 

42.2 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep straight on. Road on left 

leads from unnamed temporales and Perigua. 

43.1 Fork. Keep to right. Road to right goes to Black Prince mine and 

Brown ell. 
43.7 Pozo Blanco. Winter rancheria. Well on left in corrals. AVater good 
but should be boiled. Continue east through pass. Road from 
Pisinemo comes in on right. 

47.3 West wells of Covered Wells. Keep wells on right and follow down 

rocky valley with scattered houses. 
48.5 Spears's store. Water, gasoline, oil, and supplies. 

49.9 Well. 

50.3 Well. Most easterly well of village of Covered Wells. Avoid roads to 
left and turn southwest over gravelly slopes, then avoid several forks 
to right, which lead to Horseshoe, Quijotoa post office. 

55.5 Small represo on right. 

56.3 Sikulhimakt. Represo inside of mesquite corral in center of Santa Rosa 
Valley. Go east through abandoned fields toward pass between North 
Comobabi and South Comobabi mountains. Road from Casa Grande to 
Tecolote and Mexico goes through this place. 

57.5 Fields and houses on left for next half mile. 

61.3 Crossroads. Continue east. This and next two roads go to Cobabi, 

winter rancheria and dug well, and near-by mines. 
62.7 Crossroads. 

64.6 Crossroads. 

65.6 Reverse fork. This and next road come from Cobabi. 

67.2 Reverse fork. 

71.6 Divide. Go down slope. 

72.2 Comobabi. Winter rancheria in pass between North and South Comobabi 

Mountains ; two dug wells and village south of road. Turn southeast 
toward north end of Baboquivari Mountains; road later turns east, 
south of isolated Woods Hill, and runs along south side of fence. 

75.4 Turn to left through gate and go along north side of fence. 

76.1 Fork. Keep along fence; road on left to Compartidero and Santa Rosa 

ranch. 
79.0 Fence corner ; turn to right. 

81.5 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. From here the route is the same 

as the old main route. (See p. 343.) 

82.6 San Vicente. 

90.3 Dobbs well. 
103.3 Robles well. 
126.6 Tucson. 



348 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

CTJBO ROUTE. 

TUCSON TO AJO (138.7 MILES 5 ). 
[See below for log in opposite direction.] 

After passing through Indian Oasis and Copeka one may go from Pisinemo 
by way of Cubo to Gunsight ranch. This route is slightly better in dry weather 
and because it passes close to Walls Well the distance without water is 3 miles 
less. In wet weather the main drain of Quijotoa Valley on this route is almost 
impassable for automobiles because of mud. (For detailed log of road from 
Tucson to Pisinemo see pp. 335-337.) 

0.0 Tucson. 
61.4 Indian Oasis. Nearest permanent water is Walls Well, 55 miles by this 

route. 
80.7 Copeka. 
90.0 Hardimui. 
93.2 Pisinemo. 
93.6 Fork at corner of brush fence. Geological Survey sign. Take left-hand 

road ; right-hand road is Charco en Medio route. 
96.4 Cross main drain of valley ; steep clay banks, difficult in wet weather. 

103.3 Small charco on right. 

105.1 Small charco on right. 

106.7 Reverse fork. Continue west into gap in hills. Geological Survey sign. 
Comovo route comes in on left. Second road comes in on left (south) 
from Charco Colorado, and Menegers Dam. (See pp. 401-402.) 

107.2 Cubo. Charco on left; water for only a short period after rains; 

houses and corral on right. Continue west with held on left; then 
between fences. Road to Charco en Medio goes to right (east) of 
corral. (See p. 399.) 
109.6 Reverse fork. At west end of gap. Geological Survey sign ; turn to right. 
Road on left comes in from Cochibo and Menegers Dam. ( See p. 401. ) 

115.0 Faint road comes in on left. 

115.4 Cross rocky gap. 

115.6 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Left-hand road leads to Walls Well, 

nearest water 1 mile by this road; keep to right. 

116.1 Cross a road from Walls Well to mining claims. 

116.5 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road comes in on left from 

Walls Well. 
121.4 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Pozo Blanco and Charco en Medio 

routes come in on right. 
121.9 Gunsight ranch. 

138.7 Ajo. 

AJO TO TUCSON (138.7 MILES). 

[See above for log in opposite direction.] 

After passing through Gunsight ranch one may go to Indian Oasis by way 
of Cubo. This route is usually slightly better in dry weather, and because 
it passes close to Walls Well the distance without water is 3 miles less. In 
wet weather the main drain of Quijotoa Valley on this route is almost im- 
passable for automobiles because of mud. (For detailed log of road from 
Ajo to Gunsight ranch see p. 341.) 

5 Distance from Gunsight ranch to Ajo by new road is 15.5 miles, or 1.3 miles less than 
distance given. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 349 

136.7 Ajo. 

153.5 Gunsight ranch. 

154.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to right. Road on left is main 
route by way of Charco en Medio (see p. 342) and Pozo Blanco route 
(see p. 347). 

158.9 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left. Road on right goes to 
Walls Well ; nearest water 1 mile by this road. 

159.3 Crossroad from Walls Well to mining claims. 

159.8 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road from Walls Well comes in 

on right. 

160.0 Cross rocky gap and go southeastward along eastern margin of Barajita 

Valley. Numerous charcos along road. 

160.4 Faint road on right. 

165.8 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left into gap in hills and pro- 
ceed through and alongside of fields. Road on right goes to Cochibo 
and Menegers Dam. 

168.2 Cubo. Charco on right; water for only a brief period after rains; 

houses and corral on left. Continue east from end of charco ; hills and 
small field on right. Road to Charco en Medio goes north on east 
side of corral. (See p. 399.) 

168.7 Double fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left. Middle road is 

Comovo route (see below) ; road on right (south) goes to Charco 
Colorado and Menegers Dam (see p. 400). 

170.3 Small charco on left. 

172.1 Small charco on left. 

179.0 Cross main drain of valley; steep clay banks, difficult in wet weather. 

181.8 Reverse fork at corner of brush fence. Geological Survey sign. Follow 

south side of brush fence, keeping house with tin roof on right, to 
small represo. Road which conies in on left is main route by way of 
Charco en Medio. 

182.2 Pisinemo. Same as mile 179.7 by the old main route. (For detailed log 

see pp. 342-344.) 

185.5 Hardimui. 
194.7 Copeka. 
214.0 Indian Oasis. 

275.4 Tucson. 

COMOVO ROUTE. 

TUCSON TO AJO (137.8 MILES *). 
[See p. 350 for log in opposite direction.] 

After passing through Indian Oasis and Copeka, one may go by way of 
Comovo to Cubo and the Gunsight ranch. This is really a variation on the 
Cubo route. It is little used because it is sandy between Copeka and Comovo, 
but in wet weather it has many advantages. (For log of route from Tucson 
to Indian Oasis see pp. 334-336.) 

0.0 Tucson. 

61.4 Indian Oasis. By this route the nearest permanent water to Indian Oasis 

is Walls Well (53.2 miles). 
80.7 Copeka. 

6 Distance from Gunsight ranch to Ajo is now 15.5 miles, or 1.3 miles less than distance 
given. 



350 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

82.9 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left across wash. Road on right 
goes to Pisinemo, main and Cubo routes. ( See pp. 336, 338. ) 

83.7 Fence corner of Indian field on right. 
87.6 Cross a road. 

90.6 Double reverse fork. On right wooden cross on adobe platform. Go to 
right of pond toward white church. This fork is in a sandy area, and 
wheel ruts are usually obliterated by cattle. Roads go from here to 
Hardimui (5 miles) and Pisinemo (5.7 miles). 

90.8 Comovo. Water in pond for several months during the year; should be 

boiled before drinking. Road obliterated by trampling of cattle; 
church and corral on left. Go west toward north end of Mesquite 
Mountains. Road to Mesquite Tank, Menegers Dam, and Mexico goes 
south from corral. (See p. 397.) 
95.2 Hills of northern border of Mesquite Mountains follow on northwest side 
of hills. 

104.7 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Cubo route comes in on right. 

Road comes in from south slightly before Cubo route. It leads from 
Menegers Dam and Charco Colorado. (See p. 400.) 

104.8 Field on left. 

105.3 Cubo. From this point follow log given on page 348 to Gunsight ranch. 

120.0 Gunsight ranch. 
137.8 Ajo. 

AJ0 TO TUCSON (137.8 MILES). 

[See pp. 349-350 for log in opposite direction.] 

After passing through Gunsight ranch and Cubo one may go by way of Co- 
movo to Copeka and Indian Oasis. This is really a variation on the Cubo route. 
It is little used, because it is sandy between Comovo and Copeka, but in wet 
weather it has many advantages. 

136.7 Ajo. 

153.5 Gunsight ranch. Follow log on page 349 to Cubo. 
168.2 Cubo. 

168.7 Double fork. Geological Survey sign. Take middle road due east. 

Left-hand road is Cubo route (see p. 348), and right-hand road goes 
to Charco Colorado and Menegers Dam (see p. 400). 

173.1 Northeast point of Mesquite Mountains. Go east to village visible across 

the plain. 

182.6 Comovo. Water in pond for several months during the year; should 

be boiled before drinking. Road obliterated by trampling of cattle. 
Turn to left at church and go north of represo to a wooden cross on 
adobe platform near fork. Road to Mesquite Tank, Menegers Dam, 
and Mexico goes south from corral. (See p. 397.) 

182.8 Double fork. Take right-hand road along base of Copeka Mountains. 

Middle road goes to Hardimui (5 miles) and road on left to Pisinemo 
(5.7 miles). 
185.8 Crossroad. 

189.7 Fence corner of Indian field on left. 

190.5 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Go southeast toward small sandy 
hill. This is Tucson-Yuma road, main and Cubo routes. Follow log on 
p. 342. 

192.7 Copeka. 

212.0 Indian Oasis. For detailed log of route from Indian Oasis to Tucson 
see pages 343-344. 

273.4 Tucson. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 351 

TUCSON-NOGALES HIGHWAY. 

TUCSON TO NOGALES (69.2 MILES). 

[See p. 352 for log in opposite direction.] 

Routes from Tucson to Nogales follow Santa Cruz Creek to Calabasas and 
thence go up Potrero Creek to Nogales. By cooperation between Pima County, 
Santa Cruz County, and the State of Arizona a well-graded and macadamized 
road was under construction in 1917. The log here presented was made before 
construction was complete, and certain details are now obsolete. The road is 
well marked, however, and wells will be found every few miles. Before the com- 
pletion of the road it was a common practice to go to Nogales by way of Mineral 
Hill and Twin Buttes. This road and its junction with the Tucson-Nogales 
Highway is described on page 353. 

0.0 Tucson. Post office, water supply, hotels, garages, all supplies and re- 
pair parts. Go south from post office on Stone Avenue and at edge of 
town take macadam road going south. 

2.9 Cross railroad, avoiding road on left. 

5.0 Turn to left and then to right and follow railroad on west side. 

11.5 Cross railroad to east side. 

16.3 Turn sharply to right and then to left. 

20.3 Sahuarito. Road comes in from west side of valley and Twin Buttes. 

(Seep. 353.) 

25.6 Cross to west side of railroad to Canoa ranch. Follow railroad. 

29.4 Turn to right and cross Santa Cruz River. 

30.4 Come into road on west side of valley and turn to left (south). Road on 
right comes from Twin Buttes. (See p. 353.) 

37.4 Store and well. Crossroads. Keep straight on south. Road on right 

goes to Ward and other points in Sierrita Mountains. Road on left 
goes to Agua Caliente in Patagonia Mountains. 

39.5 Fork. Keep to left. Right-hand road is northern road to Arivaca. (See 

p. 357.) 

39.7 Reventon ranch. 

40.1 Amado. Fork. Keep to right. Right-hand road goes to Arivaca. (See 

p. 357.) 

41.2 Fork. Keep to right ; road on left goes east to railroad. 

42.6 Fork. Keep to right. Road on left goes to ranch in valley. 

46.9 Tubac. Post office, numerous wells, stores. Go to left of church, turn, 
and keep post office on left. 

48.7 Store and well. Avoid road that goes to left and continue south. 
50.0 Tumacaeori Mission on left. Water can be obtained from caretaker. 
50.7 Beginning of graded road as completed in 1917. 

51.5 House and wells on both sides of road for next 2 miles. 

54.3 Schoolhouse on left. 
59.2 Well on left. 

60.4 Calabasas Store. Well on left. 

61.9 Reverse fork and bridge across Potrero Creek. Road from Arivaca by 
way of Montana mine comes in on right. (See p. 359.) 

63.4 Saxton Dairy. Well and good water. 

63.9 Cross bridge and go through lane between rows of willow trees. 

65.9 Ranger station and well on left. The forest ranger located here will 
give detailed information on roads in the mountains to the west. 

66.2 Benedict railroad station on left. 



352 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACE& 

66.5 Monte Carlo Dairy on right. Well and good water. 

68.0 Reverse fork. 

68.4 Cross bridge over Potrero Creek. 

69.1 Turn to right into Main Street, Nogales. 

69.2 Nogales. Post office, water supply, hotels, garages, and supplies of all 

kinds. 

NOGALES TO TUCSON (69.2 MILES). 

[See pp. 351-352 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Nogales. Go north on Main Street. 

0.1 Turn to right and cross railroad tracks. 

0.2 Turn to left in front of Santa Cruz courthouse. 

0.8 Cross bridge over Potrero Creek. 

1.2 Fork. Turn to right and follow well-graded State highway. 

2.7 Monte Carlo Dairy on left. Well and good water. 
3.0 Benedict. Railroad station on right. 

3.3 Ranger station and well on left. The forest ranger located here will 

give detailed information on roads in mountains to west. 
4.5 Beginning of lane between rows of large willows. 
5.3 Cross bridge. 

5.8 Saxton Dairy. Well and good water. 

7.3 Cross bridge. Fork ; keep to right along valley on graded road. Road to 
left is the Nogales-Arivaca road by way of Montana mine. (See p. 359.) 

8.8 Calabasas store. Well on right. 
10.0 Well on right. 
14.9 Schoolhouse on right. 
15.7 Houses and wells on both sides of roads for next 2 miles. 

18.5 End of graded road as completed in 1917. 

19.2 Tumacacori Mission on right. Water can be obtained from caretaker. 

20.5 Store and well. Avoid road that goes to right and continue north. 

22.3 Tubac. Post office, numerous wells, store. There are wells at each 

house north and south of the town. Turn to left at post office and 
then to right in front of church. 

26.6 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes to ranch in valley. 

28.0 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes east to railroad. 

29.1 Amado. Fork. Keep to right. Left-hand road goes to Arivaca. (See 

p. 357.) 

29.5 Reventon ranch. 

29.7 Fork. Keep to right. Left-hand road goes to Arivaca. (See p. 357.) 

31.8 Store and well. Crossroads. Keep straight on north down valley. Road 

on right goes to Agua Caliente in the Patagonia Mountains. Road on 
left goes to Ward and other points in the Sierrita Mountains. 

38.8 Fork. Turn to right and cross Santa Cruz Creek to State highway on 

east bank. In 1917 the best crossing was 3 miles farther north. Fol- 
low on west side of railroad. Left-hand road goes north on west side 
and crosses at Sahuarito to rejoin this road at mile 48.9. (See p. 353.) 

43.6 Cross to east side of railroad and follow well-graded road into Tucson. 

48.9 Sahuarito. Road from west side of valley and Twin Buttes comes in 

on left. (Seep. 353.) 

52.7 Turn sharply to right and then to left. 

57.7 Cross railroad and follow on west side of it. 
63.7 Turn to left (west) and then to right (north). 
66.3 Cross railroad and go north into city. 

69.2 Tucson. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 353 

TUCSON-NOGALES ROAD BY WAY OF SAN XAVIER AND TWIN 

BUTTES. 

TUCSON TO NOGALES (75.3 MILES). 

[See p. 354 for log in opposite direction.] 

This road consists of an excellent graded highway to San Xavier Mission and 
a good desert road to Twin Buttes, from which it connects with the Tucson- 
Nogales Highway by two routes. Before construction had progressed so far on 
the Tucson-Nogales road this route was often preferred. The distances given 
are measured from the map. 

0.0 Tucson. From the post office go north to Congress Street, then west, 

passing El Paso & Southwestern Railroad station on left. 
0.4 Santa Cruz River. 
0.6 Come into north-south road. Turn to left along base of Sentinel Hill. 

Right-hand road goes to Silver Bell. (See p. 354.) 
3.8 Crossroads. Continue south. Road on right (west) is Tucson-Yuma 
road; road on left (east) goes to Indian school and connects with 
valley roads. 
7.2 Crossroad. Continue straight ahead. This is road from the valley to 

Robles ranch, 18 miles. 
9.2 Graded road; turn to left (east) at this point to San Xavier del Bac at 
mile 9.6. Besides the church there is a small Papago village, wells, 
and the United States Indian Service agency. From San Xavier a 
road runs south to Sahuarito. However, there are so many cross- 
roads and turnouts that persons without much local experience get 
lost. Continue south from turn at mile 9.2, avoiding roads that fork 
to left. 

12.1 Fork at foot of black buttes; take left-hand road toward whitish hill 
about 8 miles across the plain to the west of south. Road on right 
goes to numerous prospects in Sierrita Mountains and to Stevens, 22 
miles, where there is good water. 

20.1 Mineral Hill. Several mines in vicinity ; water from wells, store, and 
gasoline, when mines are being worked. A road goes east to Sahuarito, 
9 miles. From the store at Mineral Hill go southwest and then south- 
east over good road, which has, however, many short, steep grades and 
pitches. There are many prospects along this road, the branch roads 
to which are not shown on the map., 

21.9 Fork. Take left-hand road to Twin Buttes, easily visible; right-hand 
road goes along east face of Sierrita Mountains. 

27.0 Twin Buttes. Mine, connected with Santa Cruz Valley by short railroad ; 
post office, store, gasoline, water supply when mine is being operated. 
Fork just east of town ; take right-hand road going south of railroad ; 
left-hand road goes to Sahuarito (7 miles). 

31.5 Reverse fork. Come into north-south road in Santa Cruz Valley; from 
this point turn south toward Nogales ; the road on left (north) goes 
to Sahuarito (5 miles). 

36.5 Reverse fork. Come into Tucson-Nogales Highway ; continue south. This 
is mile 30.4 out of Tucson and is 38.8 miles from Nogales. (For log 
into Nogales see p. 351.) 

75.3 Nogales. 



354 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

NOGALES TO TUCSON (75.3 MILES). 

[See p. 353 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Nogales. Follow Nogales-Tucson Highway, log of which is given on 

page 352. 
38.8 Fork. Take left-hand ungraded road north ; graded road turns to right 
and reaches Tucson in 30.4 miles. 

43.8 Fork. Take left-hand road northwest; right-hand road goes north to 

Sahuarito and joins Tucson-Nogales Highway in 5 miles. 

48.3 Reverse fork on east of Twin Buttes. Road from Sahuarito (7 miles) 

comes in on right. Go through town, which, when mine is running, has 
a post office, water supply, store, and gasoline, and go northwest over 
good road, which has, however, many short, steep grades and pitches. 

53.4 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left. There are many prospects be- 

tween this point and Mineral Hill, but the branch roads are not shown 
on the map. 
55.2 Mineral Hill. Water from wells, store, and gasoline when mine is 
being worked. A road goes east from this point to Sahuarito (9 miles). 
Go slightly east of north over open plain to black buttes. 

63.2 Reverse fork at foot of buttes. Road from Stevens and from numerous 

prospects in the Sierrita Mountains comes in on left. Stevens is 22 

miles distant and has good water. 
66.1 Fork. Come into graded road and go north ; the graded road turns east 

to San Xavier del Bac at mile 66.5. Besides the church there is a 

small Papago village, wells, and the United States Indian Service 

agency. 
68.1 Crossroads ; continue north. This is road from the valley to Robles 

ranch, 18 miles. 

72.5 Crossroads. Continue north around foot of Sentinel Hill. Road on 

right goes to Indian school and connects with valley roads ; road on 
left is Tucson- Yuma road. (See p. 334.) 
74.7 Fork. Turn to right (east) into Tucson; road straight ahead goes to 
Silver Bell. (See below.) 

74.9 Cross concrete bridge over Santa Cruz River and go east on Congress 

Street. 

75.3 Tucson. 

SILVER BELL ROAD. 

The road from Tucson to Silver Bell is an important route which, because 
of the rapid development of the country, has undergone a number of changes 
in position. It was not traversed during this survey. The position as given 
on the map is, for the first 20 miles, the route surveyed by the county engineer. 
West of the Tucson Mountains the position is that given by township plats. 

The Silver Bell road turns off to the north from the Tucson-Yuma road, 
0.6 mile from the post office at Tucson. (See log on p. 334.) It follows the 
west side of Santa Cruz Valley for 13 miles. About 9 miles out a road turns 
off to the left (west) through a gap in the Tucson Mountains and goes to Silver 
Bell by way of the gap between the Silver Bell and Waterman mountains. The 
character of this road is not known. The usual route continues for 4 miles 
down the valley and then turns west through a gap in the mountains, which are 
at this point ratXer narrow. West of the gap 4£ miles and about 20 miles out of 
Tucson the road fcnrks. The right-hand road goes north of Silver Bell Moun- 
tains by way of VaVnzuela and then crosses the railroad and turns south to 
the town. The exact hcation of this road was not obtained, but such roads as 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 355 

appear on township plats are shown on Plate XXV. The left-hand road 
crosses Avra Valley to a well on the south side of the Silver Bell Mountains. 
Thence it goes through the gap between these mountains and the Waterman 
Mountains and turns north to Silver Bell. The total distance from Tucson to 
Silver Bell is about 40 miles. 

ROUTES IN AND TO THE ALTAR VALLEY. 

There are three routes into Altar Valley. The first of these runs from 
Tucson to Robles ranch and thence south along the axis of the valley to 
Sasabe, and the log is given under the name Tucson-Sasabe road. In 1921 a 
graded highway was under construction from Robles ranch south. The second 
route ascends the valley of Sopori Creek from the Tucson-Nogales road in 
Santa Cruz Valley to Arivaca and goes thence into Aitar Valley. This is the 
oldest route, and the log is given under the name Arivaca road. The third 
route crosses the Pajarito Mountains from Nogales to Arivaca and the log is 
given under the name Nogales-Arivaca road. 

TUCSON-SASABE ROAD (70.9 MILES). 

TUCSON TO SASABE. 
[See p. 335 for log in opposite direction.] 

Follow the Tucson-Ynma road through Robles Pass to Robles ranch over 
good macadam road. (For detailed log, see p. 335.) 

0.0 Tucson. 

23.3 Robles ranch. 

23.4 Fork. County sign. Turn to left (south) over fair road, crossing nu- 

merous washes. Road on right is Tucson- Yuma road. (See p. 33.1.) 
28.6 King Well. House, corrals. Deep well and pumping plant, iron tanks. 

29.6 Haytield on right in bottom land. 

31.9 Anvil Ranch. Two deep wells and pumping plant. From this ranch 
roads run to Leon and Redondo. Go south, keeping left of wire fence. 
33.9 End of fence. A road on left leads to Sierrita Mountains. 

34.5 Bluffs on left. 

36.1 Ruined house on right. 

38.7 Palo Alto. Deep well and pumping plant on right, large iron tanks. 

Store on left. 

39.4 Go through fence. 

39.5 Represo on right. 

40.4 Fork. Keep to right on graded road. 

41.2 Fork. Keep to left on graded road. 

41.7 Turn sharply to right (west) and cross main arroyo of valley. 

42.6 Fork. Keep to right. Left-hand road goes to Espinoso Well (2.5 miles), 

Pozo Nuevo (4 miles), and Secundino Well (10 miles). 

42.7 Crossroads. Keep straight on. This road goes to Otero ranch and 

Contreras. 
48.6 Crossroads. Continue southwest. This is road from Pozo Nuevo to 
Ronstadt ranch. Going west on this road the first right-hand turn goes 
to Brown Well (4 miles). Taking the left-hand turn two valleys are 
crossed and then there is a fork in the third valley. The right-hand 
turn goes to Schaefer Well (9 miles) and Baboquivari mine (10 
miles). These places are in a canyon which heads at the foot of 
Baboquivari Peak. The left-hand turn goes to Ronstadt ranch (10 
miles). 
157142°— 22 4 



356 KOUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

53.8 Reverse fork, at fence corner. Turn to right. Road comes in from 

Secundino AVell (3 miles). 

54.0 Fork. Wooden signboard. Keep to left. By right-hand road it is 0.9 
mile to gate in north-south fence called the Ronstadt gate. From 
this gate go west 5.7 miles to forks on edge of bluff. Down the bluff 
to the right 0.3 mile is the Ronstadt ranch and wells. Continue west 
through fence 1.3 miles to Las Moras ranch, headquarters of the La 
Osa Land & Cattle Co. 

55.0 Crossroads. Continue south. This is the road from Ronstadt gate to 
Figueroa ranch (5.5 miles). It is part of the direct route from Arivaca 
to Las Moras ranch. ( See p. 357. ) 

55.9 Fork on south side of gate. Keep to right. 
57.0 Numerous crossroads in next mile. 

59.5 Gate. Go through and follow south along west side of north and south 

fence. 
61.5 Crossroads at fence corner. Continue south. This is road from Las 

Moras ranch to Buenos Aires Well and Aguirre Lake. It is 8 miles 

to Las Moras and 1.1 miles to Buenos Aires Well. 
62.0 Fork. Keep straight ahead. Road on left is second road to Buenos 

Aires Well. 
66.0 Fork. Keep to left. Right-hand road leads to La Osa, post office, water 

and store (2.5 miles). 

68.5 Fork at gate. Go through gate. 

68.6 San Fernando. Water, store, and United States customhouse. Road 

crosses into Mexico from San Fernando and is often preferred to the 
old road through Sasabe. Return to gate. 

68.7 Gate. Turn to right (east) along fence to go to Sasabe. Road on left 

(west) comes from La Osa (1.6 miles). 
70.7 Reverse fork. Go south between fences. Road comes in from Garcia 

ranch and Arivaca. 
70.9 Sasabe. A store on the boundary line ; well three-tenths of a mile west. 

SASABE TO TUCSON (70.9 MILES). 
[See pp. 355-356 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Sasabe, store on the boundary line ; well 0.3 mile west. 

0.2 Fork. Turn to left. Road on right goes to Garcia ranch and Arivaca. 
(See p. 360.) On account of fences travelers to Arivaca should go 
by route of this log to Buenos Aires and thence follow log on page 358. 

2.2 Gate and fork. Turn through gate. 

2.3 San Fernando. Water, store, and United States customhouse. Road 

crosses into Mexico from San Fernando and is often preferred to the 
old road through Sasabe. Return to gate. 

2.4 Go north. Road on left (west) leads to La Osa, post office, water, store 

(1.6 miles). Road on east (right) leads to Sasabe (2.2 miles). 
4.9 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from La Osa (2.5 miles). 
8.9 Fork. Keep straight ahead. Road on right goes to Buenos Aires Well 

(1.2 miles) and thence to Figueroa ranch and Arivaca. (See p. 388.) 
9.4 Crossroads. Keep straight ahead and follow west side of north and south 
fence. Road on right is second road to Buenos Aires. Road on left 
leads to Las Moras ranch and well (8 miles). 
11.4 Gate. Go through and turn northeast. 
12.9 Numerous crossroads in next mile. 
15.0 Reverse fork on south side of gate. Go through gate. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 357 

i 

15.9 Crossroads. Keep straight ahead. This is road from Arivaca to Ronstadt 
gate and Las Moras. ( See p. 358. ) 

16.9 Reverse fork. Wooden signboard. Road on left com£s in from Ronstadt 
gate (0.9 mile). From this gate it is 5.7 miles to a fork on the edge of 
a bluff. Down the bluff to the right 0.3 mile is the Ronstadt ranch 
and well. Continue to left (west) through fence 1.3 miles to Las 
Moras ranch and well, headquarters of the La Osa Land & Cattle Co. 

17.1 Fork. Keep to left. The right-hand road goes to Secundino Well (3 

miles). 

22.3 Crossroads. Continue northeast. This road is from Pozo Nuevo to 

Ronstadt ranch and other places in the vicinity. 

28.6 Crossroads. Keep straight on. This road goes from Espinoso Well to 

Otero ranch and Contreras. 

28.7 Reverse fork. Turn to right and cross main wash. Right-hand road 

comes from Espinoso Well (2.5 miles). Pozo Nuevo (4 miles), and 
Secundino Well (10 miles). 

29.2 Turn to left and follow down valley under bluffs. 

29.7 Reverse fork. 
30.5 Reverse fork. 

31.4 Represo on left. 

31.5 Go through fence. 

32.2 Palo Alto. Deep well and pumping plant on left. Store on right. 

34.8 Ruined house on left. 

37.0 Follow east side of fence. Road on right to the Sierrita Mountains. 
39.0 Anvil ranch. Two deep wells and pumping plant. Road leads from 
Anvil ranch to Leon and Redondo. 

41.3 Hayfield on left. 

42.3 King Well. House, corral, and deep well and pumping plant. 

47.5 Reverse fork. County sign. Turn to left on main Yuma-Tucson road. 

47.6 Robles ranch. For detailed log into Tucson see page 344. 

70.9 Tucson. 

ARIVACA ROAD. 

AMADO TO RONSTADT GATE (33.6 MILES). 

[See pp. 358-350 for log in opposite direction.] 

This road starts from Santa Cruz Valley at its junction with Sopori Creek. 
Two roads lead up Sopori Creek, one on the north bank and the other on the 
south bank. The distance is virtually the same by either, but the south road 
was usually traveled in 1917. The junction of the north road with the Tucson- 
Nogales road is 39.5 miles from Tucson and 29.7 miles from Nogales. The 
junction of the south road is 40.1 miles from Tucson and 29,1 miles from 
Nogales. The road was not traversed between Sopori Junction and Arivaca, 
and distances are given as measured on the map for this part of the road. 
There are doubtless many more branch roads than are shown on the map. 

0.0 Amado, by southern road. 

4.0 Cross creek to north side and join northern road. 
11.0 Moyza Well. Fork. Take right-hand road ; left-hand road follows creek. 

Distance is 2 miles farther and there are numerous gates. 
14.0 Fork. Keep to left past Tajo mine. Cerro Colorado mine is about 1 mile 
north of road at foot of Cerro Colorado Mountains. Road on right 
goes to Moreno ranch (5 miles). 



358 KOUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

17.0 Reverse fork. Road conies in on right. This road goes north of the 
Guijas Mountains to Conte ranch (1 mile) and Rohledo ranch (5 
miles). Thence down Guijas AVash to Martinez ranch (6.5 miles) 
and to Secimdino AVell in the Altar Valley (10.5 miles). 

19.8 Reverse fork. 

21.0 Arivaca. Post office, water, supplies, hotei, stores, gasoline. (For other 
roads out of Arivaca see p. 360.) To reach Altar Valley go west along 
main street, turn sharply to right at last house, and go west along 
north side of Arivaca Creek. 

22.3 Go over rocky knoll. 

23.0 Fork. Keep to right along bluff. 

23.6 Go over rocky knoll. 

24.2 Go up onto gravel bench. 

24.9 Road on left leads to ranch house. 

25.3 Go into creek and follow creek bed for eight-tenths of a mile. There is 

usually water in this part of the creek. 

28.1 Figueroa ranch. No well here; water in emergencies only. Go west 

into valley. 

28.7 Fork. Take right-hand road along south side of fence. Left-hand road 

is described in the log on page 360. 
29.9 Turn corner and go north through lane. 
30.9 Go northwest. 
33.6 Ronstadt gate. From this gate all points in Altar Valley can be reached. 

(See log of Tucson-Sasabe road, p. 355.) 

RONSTADT GATE TO AMAD0 (33.6 MILES). 
[See pp. 357-358 for log in opposite direction.] 

This road runs from the Ronstadt gate, a central point in the Altar Valley 
(see p. 355), to the Santa Cruz Valley by way of Arivaca and Sopori Creek. 

0.0 Ronstadt gate. For other roads from this gate see page 356. Go south- 
east. 
0.7 Crossroads. Continue straight ahead. This is the Tucson-Sasabe road. 
2.7 Turn south in lane between fences. 
3.7 Turn east along fence. 
4.9 Reverse fork. Cross valley. Road on right comes in from Aguajita 

(4.8 miles) and Buenos Aires (7.4 miles). (See p. 360.) 
5.5 Figueroa ranch. No well here; water in emergencies only. Go east 

up Arivaca Creek. 
7.5 Go into creek and follow creek bed for eight-tenths of a mile. There is 

usually water in the creek here. 
8.7 Road on right goes to ranch house. 
10.0 Go over rocky knoll. 
10.6 Reverse fork. 
11.3 Go over rocky knoll. 

12.6 Arivaca. Post office, water supply, hotel, stores, gasoline. (For other 
roads out of Arivaca see p. 359.) Continue east. 

13.8 Fork. Take left-hand road ; road on right goes to Arivaca ranch and then 

down Sopori Creek and rejoins this road at Moyza. The distance is 
2 miles farther and there are numerous gates. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 359 

16.6 Fork. Keep to right ; road on left goes north of the Guijas Mountains to 
Conte ranch (1 mile) and Robledo ranch (5 miles), thence down 
Guijas Wash to Martinez ranch (6.5 miles) and Secundino Well in 
Altar Valley (10.5 miles). 

19.6 Reverse fork. Road on left comes in from Moreno ranch (5 miles) ; 
Cerro Colorado mine is about 1 mile north of road at foot of Cerro 
Colorado Mountains. 

22.6 Moyza Well. Reverse fork. Follow northeastward down valley of 
Arivaca Creek. Road from Arivaca by way of Arivaca ranch and 
Papalote Well comes in on right. 

29.6 Fork. Take right-hand road and cross over to south side of creek. Left- 
hand road follows north side and is about the same distance, but 
south side was preferred in 1917. 

33.6 Amado. Reach the main Tucson-Nogales road at mile 40.1 from Tucson 

and mile 29.1 from Nogales. 

NOGALES-ARIVACA ROAD. 

NOGALES TO ARIVACA (43.5 MILES). 

[See p. 360 for log in opposite direction.] 

This road leaves the Tucson-Nogales road just north of a bridge across 
Potrero Creek. It is maintained in passable condition for motor trucks as far 
as the Montana mine, when the mine is being worked. The heavy trucks, 
however, make the going rough, though the road is easily followed. It has long 
but not excessive grades. Impassable in 1921. 

0.0 Nogales. See page 354 for detailed log of next 6.4 miles. 

6.4 Turn to left off main road and go Upgrade onto gravelly plateau. 

9.0 Go down into valley and follow it. 
12.9 Clark Well on right ; good water. 

13.8 Turn southwest out of valley over ridge and into another valley. 
19.5 Turn sharp curve around end of Atascosa Ridge; water hole 50 feet south 

of road ; water probably not permanent. 
20.0 Represo 200 yards south of road ; water not permanent. The Marmee 

mine is about 1 mile south of the road. 
20.3 Seep on north side of road. 

20.2 Crest of pass. The road now goes northwest into Bear Valley. 
23.2 Faint road goes half a mile to left to Bear Valley ranch; water. 
31.2 Montana mine. Water supply when mine is operating from three dug 

wells and two large reservoirs. Store and gasoline. 
32.2 Jenkins ranch; well, store, gasoline. 
33.0 Small spring in gulch. 

33.2 Small spring on left of road. 

33.7 Well on right of road. 

83.8 Austerlitz. House and well, mining claim. From this place a rough 

road runs south to Warsaw (4 miles). 

34.3 Partridge. 

36.0 Oro Blanco. Post office, several wells. 

42.5 Reverse fork. Turn north across Arivaca Creek. Road on left comes 

from Tully Well (11 miles) and Jarilla Spring (4 miles). From 

Jarilla Spring the road goes south into Mexico. 
43.5 Arivaca. Post office, water supply, hotel, store, gasoline. From Arivaca 

go west to Altar Valley, following log given on page 358. 



360 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

ARIVACA TO NOGALES (43.5 MILES). 

[See p. 359 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Arivaca. From post office go west. 

0.1 Turn south through lane and cross Arivaca Creek. 

1.0 Fork. Turn to left; right-hand road goes to Tully Well (11 miles) and 

Jarilla Spring (4 miles). From Jarilla Spring a road goes south to 

Mexico. 

7.5 Oro Blanco. Post office, several wells. 

9.2 Partridge.. 

9.7 Austerlitz. House and well, mining claim. From this place a rough 

road runs south to Warsaw (4 miles). 

9.8 Well, left of road. 

10.3 Small spring, right of road. 

10.5 Small spring in gulch. 

11.3 Jenkins ranch. Well, store, gasoline. 

12.3 Montana mine. Water supply when mine is operating from three dug 

wells and two large reservoirs ; store and gasoline. Go over ridge on 

well-graded road into Bear Valley. 
20.3 Faint road on right leads half a mile to Bear Valley ranch; water. 

23.3 Crest of pass at south end of Atascosa Ridge. 

23.4 Seep on north side of road. 

23.5 Represo, 200 yards south of road ; water not permanent. The Marmee 

mine is about 1 mile south of the road. 

24.0 Turn sharply to the left and go northeast. Water hole 50 feet south of 

road; water probably not permanent. 
29.7 Go down valley. 

30.6 Clark Well on left ; good water. 

34.5 Turn out of valley to right and go along gravel plateau. 

37.1 Reverse fork. Come into Tucson-Nogales road. Go south and follow 

detailed log on page 353. 
43.5 Nogales. 

FIGUEROA RANCH TO BUENOS AIRES AND POINTS ON THE EAST SIDE OF 

ALTAR VALLEY. 

From Figueroa ranch, near the junction of Arivaca and San Luis creeks, sub- 
sidiary roads go to various small ranches on the east side of Altar Valley. The 
roads are little traveled and have many steep but short grades. Many new 
fences will probably be built in the next few years and the details of the 
roads modified accordingly. 

0.0 Figueroa ranch. No well here. Water in emergencies only. Go west 

into valley. 
0.6 Fork. Same as mile 28.7 of Arivaca road. (See p. 358.) Take left turn 

up San Luis Valley. Right turn goes to Ronstadt gate. (See p. 356.) 

1.6 Turn to left out of valley. A faint road leads up the valley to San Luis 

ranch and Jarilla Spring. It is not known whether this can be traveled 
by automobile. 

4.3 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from San Luis ranch (1.3 miles). 

5.4 Aguajita. Well and windmill in clump of cotton woods. 

5.6 Fork. Keep to left. 

6.5 Reverse fork. 

6.7 E. Garcia Well. This is a stock-watering place. Continue west through 

gate in east-west fence. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 361 

6.9 Fork. Keep to right. 

8.0 Buenos Aires Well, a stock-watering place. Water from the well and 

from Aguirre Lake is used. West of this place 1 mile is the Tucson- 
Sasabe road. (For log see p. 355.) Go southeast from Buenos Aires 
to reach the watering places along the east side of the valley. 

10.4 Reverse fork. Road from Sasabe comes in on right. Travelers to Sasabe 

should, however, not use this road because of fences. The main route 
south from Ronstadt gate is preferable. 
10.9 Lopez ranch. Well. From this ranch a road goes southeast 3 miles to 
Canoa ranch and 4 miles south to M. Garcia ranch and well. From 
the latter place it is 5.4 miles by a very bad road to Sasabe. 

TUSCON-PHOENIX HIGHWAY. 

A good automobile road between Tucson, the largest town in Arizona, and 
Phoenix, the State capital, has been the aim of road enthusiasts for a number 
of years. The road described in the following log follows the route most likely 
to be permanently improved. The present improvements are as follows: Be- 
ginning at Tucson, 40 miles of well-graded gravel road, with bridges and con- 
crete dips ; 27 miles of good desert road, brush cleared, and some work done 
with scraper; 1 mile of graded dirt road just south of Florence; 30 miles of 
desert road, brush cleared, and some work done with scraper between Florence 
and Higley; 15 miles of graded dirt road from Chandler to Mesa; 20 miles of 
paved road between Mesa and Phoenix. 

TUCSON TO PHOENIX (131.3 MILES). 

[See pp. 363-365 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Tucson. (For other roads from Tucson see pp. 334-355.) Go north on 

Stone Avenue. 
0.1 Turn to left (west) on Congress Street. 
0.5 Turn to right (north) on Main Street. 

1.1 Cross Southern Pacific Railroad. 

1.4 Fork. Continue north, avoiding crossroads. Road on left goes along 

railroad to Casa Grande and Maricopa. (See p. 300.) 

5.5 Bridge over Rillito Creek. 
13.3 Store, waterj gasoline. 
14.7 Cross Gold Canyon Creek. 
24.7 Walnut Well. 

24.9 Fork. Take left-hand road. Right-hand road goes to Oracle (12 miles) 

and Winkelman (50 miles). 
27.9 Fork. Keep to left. 
31.9 Fork. Keep to right. 
34.3 Small hill on left. 

39.1 Simmons Well. Good water. 

41.7 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes to Durham ranch. 

43.2 Crossroads. Go straight ahead. Road on right to Davis ranch. Road 

on left to Red Rock. (See p. 367.) 
44.1 Fork. Keep to right. Meneger ranch and well one-quarter of a mile 

to left. No water for 23 miles. 
45.1 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right from Foreman ranch. 

46.5 Small hill on right. 
47.0 Small hill on right. 



362 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

47.6 Avoid numerous forks for next 6 miles and follow cleared and partly 

graded roadway. 

60.7 Double reverse fork on south side of canal. Water usually in the canal. 

66.8 Reverse fork. Road from Casa Grande (30 miles) comes in on left. 

67.2 Reverse fork. Road from Casa Grande Ruins (9.2 miles) conies in on 

left. (Seep. 365.) 

68.3 Florence. Post office, water supply, stores, automobile supplies and 

repairs, gasoline. Go north and cross Gila River by concrete bridge. 

70.8 Florence railroad station. Turn to left (west). 

70.9 Fork. Take road on left and go under southern base of lava-eapped 

Poston Butte. 
72.6 Avoid roads going southwest into valley and turn northwest onto gravel 

bench. 
75.9 Fork. Keep to right. 

77.1 Fork. Keep to left. Lava-capped butte southwest and another northwest. 

78.6 Crossroads. Keep straight ahead with mountains on left. 

84.7 Turn to left around point of low hills projecting from the mountains. 
86.3 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes to ranch a quarter of a mile 

from road. 
92.7 Turn west along base of mountains, on east-west road. 
94.0 Turn north at base of steep hills at northern foot of Santan Mountains. 

94.2 Fork. Avoid road on left. 
94.7 Wells on each side of road. 

95.3 Fork. Keep straight on. Road on left cuts across desert to Chandler, 

from which it is 8.2 miles to Mesa. 
95.9 Crossroads. Continue north. 

97.7 Well on right. 
99.2 AVell on left. 

99.8 Crossroads. Continue straight on. 

100.8 Higley. Store, well, crossroads. Turn to left (west). 

103.3 Cross ditch into irrigated district. From this point on into Phoenix wells 

are very numerous and water is so easy to obtain that individual wells 

are not mentioned. 
303.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on. 
104.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on. 
105.7 Crossroads and power line. Continue straight on. 
106.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on. 
107.7 Crossroads. Turn north along power line. Chandler, water supply, 

stores, gasoline, lies a quarter of a mile south. 
108.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on (north). 
109.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on (north). 
110.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on (north). 
111.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on (north). 
112.7 Turn east. The road west is the Base Line road to Phoenix (18.3 miles). 

112.9 Turn north along power line. 

113.4 Road on left. 

113.9 Crossroads. Continue north. 

114.4 Road on left. 

114.9 Crossroads. Continue north across railroad. 

115.4 Crossroads. Turn to left (west) on paved road. Mesa, a quarter of a 
mile east, is pleasant town. Water supply, hotel, stores, garage, gaso- 
line. 

115.9 Crossroads. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA, 363 

116.4 Crossroads. 
117.4 Crossroads. 
118.4 Crossroads. 

119.4 Turn to right (north). 
119.7 Turn to left (west). 

120.1 Pacific Creamery on right, thence on main road into town of Tempe. 

121.6 Tempe. Water supply, stores, garage, gasoline. Turn north on Main 

Street. 
122.1 Turn west toward railroad and thence north across Salt River over con- 
crete bridge and then turn westward through gravelly hills. 

125.7 Cross canal and go west into Phoenix on bitumen-bound macadam road. 

130.5 Turn south in outskirts of Phoenix to Adams Street. 

130.8 Go west on Adams Street. 

131.3 Phoenix. Water supply, hotels, stores, garages, etc. (For roads into 
the Papago country from Phoenix see pp. 381-385.) 

PHOENIX TO TUCSON (131.3 MILES). 
TSee pp. 361—363 for log In opposite direction.] 

0.0 Phoenix. Go east on Adams Street. 

0.5 Turn to left (north) into Monroe Street. 

0.8 Turn to right (east) on Monroe Street and go east on bitumen-bound 
macadam road. 

5.6 Cross canal and follow paved road through gravelly hills ; then turn south 
to concrete bridge over Salt River; turn to left (east) at end of bridge. 

9.2 Tempe, water supply, stores, garage, gasoline. Turn to right (south) on 
Main Street. 
10.7 Turn to left (east). 
11.2 Pacific Creamery on left. 
11.6 Turn to right (south). 
11.9 Turn to left (east). 
12.9 Crossroads. 
13.9 Crossroads. 
14.9 Crossroads. 

15.5 Crossroads. 

15.9 Crossroads. Turn to right (south) and follow along power line. Road 
east goes one-quarter of a mile to Mesa, water supply, hotel, stores, 
garage, gasoline, and thence to Roosevelt Dam and Globe. 

16.4 Cross railroad and then crossroad. Continue south. 

16.9 Road on right. 

17.4 Crossroads. Continue south. 

17.9 Road on right. 

18.4 Turn to right (west). 

18.6 Turn to left (east). 
19.6 Crossroads. 

20.6 Crossroads. 
21.6 Crossroads. 
22.6 Crossroads. 

23.6 Crossroads. Turn to left (east). Chandler, water supply, stores, gaso- 
line, lies one-quarter of a mile south. 
24.6 Crossroads. Continue east. 



364 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

25.6 Crossroads. Continue east. 
26.6 Crossroads. Continue east. 
27.6 Crossroads. Continue east. 

28.0 Cross ditch out of irrigated district. From this point on to Florence wells 

are far apart. 
30.5 Higley. Store, well. Crossroads. Turn to right (south). 

31.5 Crossroads. Continue south. 

32.1 Well on right. 

33.6 Well on left. 

35.4 Crossroads. Continue south. 

36.0 Reverse fork. Cut-off road comes in across desert from Chandler. 
36.6 AVells on each side of road. 

37.1 Reverse fork. 

37.3 Turn to left (east) at base of steep hills at foot of Santan Mountains. 
38.6 Turn southeast. 

45.0 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from ranch a quarter of a mile 
off road. 

46.6 Turn to right (southeast) around point of low hills projecting from the 

mountains. 

52.7 Crossroads. Continue southeast. 

53.4 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left. Lava-capped butte southwest and 

another northeast. 
55.4 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right. 

58.7 Turn east in valley of Gila River toward Poston Butte, avoiding roads 

on right, which go into river bottom. 

60.4 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right; Poston Butte on left (north). 

60.5 Florence railroad station. Turn to right over concrete bridge and cross 

Gila River. 

63.0 Florence. Post office, water supply, stores, automobile supplies and re- 

pairs, gasoline. Go south. 

64.1 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes to Casa Grande Ruins (9.2 

miles). 

64.5 Fork. Keep to left across canal. Road on right on north side of canal 

goes to Casa Grande (30 miles). 

64.6 Double fork on south side of canal. Take center road southeast across 

plain over fair desert road, cleared and partially . graded. Avoid 
numerous forks. No water until Meneger's ranch is reached (23 
miles) . 

84.3 Small hill on left. 

84.8 Small hill on right. 

86.2 Fork. Keep to right. Road on left goes to Foreman's ranch. 

87.2 Fork. Keep to left. Meneger's ranch and well a quarter of a mile on 
right; 5 miles to next water. 

88.1 Crossroads. Road straight ahead. Road on left to Davis ranch. Road 

on right to Red Rock. 
89.6 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right from Durham ranch. 

92.2 Simmons Well. Good water. 
97.0 Small hill on right. 

99.4 Reverse fork. 
103.4 Reverse fork. 

106.4 Reverse fork. Oracle road comes in on left. Go south. 
106.6 Walnut Well. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 365 

116.6 Cross Gold Canyon Creek. 

118.0 Store. Water, gasoline. 

125.8 Bridge over Rillito Creek. Go south, avoiding crossroads. 

130.2 Cross Southern Pacific Railroad tracks and continue south on Main 

Street. 
130.8 Turn to left (east) on Congress Street. 

131.2 Turn to right. 

131.3 Tucson. Post office, water supply, hotels, garages, etc. (For other 

roads out of Tucson see pp. 334, 352, 353, 366.) 

CASA GRANDE RUINS ROAD. 

FLORENCE TO CASA GRANDE RUINS (9.7 MILES). 
[See below for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Florence. (For other roads from Florence see pp. 362, 369.) Go south 
on Main Street. 

0.5 Fork. Turn to right on soft dirt road. Road straight ahead is Phoenix- 
Tucson Highway. (See p. 364.) 

2.1 Old Fraser ranch on right, with grove of mesouite trees 
2.9 Road on left. 

3.8 Clements ranch on right ; well and pumping plant. This is the site of 
the abandoned town of Adamsville. 

6.7 Road on right. 

7.0 Crossroads. Keep straight on. 

7.2 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left. 

7.8 Follow on south side of wire fence. 

8.6 Fork. Wooden sign. Take left-hand road. 

9.6 Crossroads. Turn to left and pass between well and ruins. 

9.7 Casa Grande Ruins. Caretaker in charge who will assist travelers. 

Good well and water supply. From Casa Grande Ruins one can go 
south 1.5 miles and strike the Casa Grande-Florence road 18.4 miles 
from Casa Grande and 12.6 miles from Florence. (See log on p. 369.) 

CASA GRANDE RUINS TO FLORENCE (9.7 MILES). 

[See above for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Casa Grande Ruins. Go north between ruins and well. The ruins are 

1.5 miles north of the Casa Grande-Florence road. (See log, p. 369.) 
0.1 Crossroads. Turn to right. 

1.1 Reverse fork. Go east on south side of fence. 

2.5 Fork. Keep to left. 

2.7 Crossroads. Keep straight on. 
3.0 Road comes in on left. 

5.9 Clements ranch on left; well and pumping plant. This is the site of 

the abandoned town of Adamsville. 

6.8 Road comes in on right. 

7.6 Old Fraser ranch on left, with grove of mesquite trees. 

9.2 Reverse fork. Turn to left on well-graded road and go north into town. 

9.7 Florence. For other roads from Florence, see pages 362, 369. 



366 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

TUCSON-CASA GRANDE ROAD. 

TUCSON TO CASA GRANDE (66.8 MILES). 

[See below for log in opposite direction. 1 

This road parallels the Southern Pacific Railroad and thus follows the flats 
of Santa Cruz River. In dry weather it is generally smooth and easy to travel. 
In wet weather it is impassable on account of mud. By continuing along the 
railroad from Casa Grande to Maricopa (see log on p. 368), from Maricopa 
to Gila Bend (see log on p. 375), from Gila Bend to Sentinel (see log on 
p. 385), and thence along the Tucson- Yuma road (see log on p. 339), it is 
possible to reach Yuma from Tucson. This route is feasible only in dry weather 
and has no advantages over the Tucson- Yuma road by way of Ajo. 

0.0 Tucson. (For other roads out of Tucson see pp. 334, 352, 353, 361.) Go 

north on Stone Avenue. 
0.1 Turn to left (west) on Congress Street. 
0.5 Turn to right (north) on Main Street. 
1.1 Cross Southern Pacific Railroad. 
1.4. Fork. Turn to left (northwest) and follow along but at some distance 

from the railroad. 
7.9 Jaynes. Station and well on railroad. The road from this point parallels 

the railroad closely. 
15.4 Weaver Well on west side of track. 

17.6 Rillito. Railroad station and well. 

23.1 Wakefield ranch. Cross railroad to southwest side and go northwest. 
26.9 Naviska. A siding on the railroad. 

33.2 Cross Arizona Southern Railroad, which goes southwest to Silver Bell. 

Road from Silver Bell comes in on left. (See p. 367.) 

33.7 Red Rock. Post office, water, store, gasoline. Cross railroad and go 

northwest on northeast side of track. For other roads from Red Rock 
see page 367. 

38.1 Wymola, railroad siding. Cross to southwest side of track. Picacho 
Peaks on left. At the north end of the peaks lie Blue Water Tanks, 
at one time the only watering place in these plains. 

48.1 Picacho. Water, store; cross to northwest side of track and go north- 
west. In dry weather the road along the track can be traveled. At 
times there is a mudhole near McEloy and the detour by way of the 
Davis ranch as shown on map should be taken. This is about 3.3 miles 
longer. A road goes northeast from Picacho to Avenenti ranch (11 
miles) and one goes southeast to Green's reservoir (13.5 miles) and 
Jackrabbit (24 miles). 

53.1 McEloy, railroad siding. 

58.1 Toltec. Station and railroad well from which water can be obtained. 

62.1 Arizola, railroad station. 

66.8 Casa Grande. Post office, water supply, stores, automobile supplies, re- 

pairs, and gasoline. (For other roads from Casa Grande see p. 368.) 

CASA GRANDE TO TUCSON (66.8 MITES). 

[See above for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Casa Grande. (For other roads from Casa Grande, see p. 368.) Go 
southeast past railroad water tank and keep on northeast side of rail- 
road track. 

4.7 Arizola, railroad station. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 367 

10.7 Toltec. Station and railroad well from which water can be obtained. In 
dry weather the road along the track can be traveled, but at times there 
is a mudhole near. McEloy and the detour by way of the Davis ranch, 
as shown on the map, should be taken. This is about 3.3 miles 
longer. 

13.7 McEloy, railroad siding. 

20.7 Picacho. Water, store. Cross to southeast side of track and go south 
east. A road goes northeast from Picacho to Avenenti ranch (11 
miles) and one goes southeast to Green's reservoir (13.5 miles) and 
Jackrabbit (24 miles). 

28.7 Wymola, railroad siding. Cross to northeast side of track and go south- 
east. 

33.1 Red Rock. Cross to southeast side of track and go southeast. Post office, 

water, store, and gasoline. (For other roads out of Red Rock see 
below. ) 

33.6 Fork. Keep to left and cross track of Arizona Southern Railroad, which 

goes southwest to Silver Bell. Road to Silver Bell on right. 
30.9 Naviska, railroad siding. 

43.7 Wakefield ranch. Cross railroad to northeast side and go southeast. 

49.2 Rillito, railroad station and well. From this point into Tucson there 

are ranches along the Santa Cruz. 
51.4 Weaver AVell on west side of track. 
59.9 Jaynes. Railroad station and well. The road from this point swings 

away from the railroad but parallels it. 
65.4 Reverse fork in outskirts of town. Turn into Main Street and go south. 
65.7 Cross Southern Pacific Railroad tracks and continue south. 

66.3 Turn to left (east) on Congress Street. 

66.7 Turn to right (south) on Stone Avenue. 

66.8 Tucson. Post office, etc. (For other roads out of Tucson see pp. 334, 

352, 353, 361.) 

ROADS OUT OF RED ROCK. 

Red Rock is the supply point for cattle ranches to the east and for settlers 
along the Santa Cruz flats in the vicinity. 

At least two roads go east. The northerly one crosses the Tortolito Mountains 
to Plummer's ranch, 12.5 miles, and crosses the Tucson-Phoenix Highway, 16.5 
miles from Red Rock. The more southerly road goes southeast across the Tor- 
tolito Mountains for 16.5 miles and then turns southeast to a well 20 miles 
from Red Rock and reaches the Phoenix-Tucson Highway in the Canada del 
Oro by way of Lockas's ranch and Pusch's ranch, a total distance of 30 miles. 

Southwest from Red Rock a road goes along the north side of the track of the 
Arizona Southern Railroad. It reaches Sasco, where a smelter is located 6.5 
miles away, but the details of the road are not known and are not shown on the 
map (PI. XXV). Five miles from Red Rock, however, this road forks. The 
right-hand road goes through some nelds and along the bank of Santa Cruz 
River to Green's canal and follows the canal to Green's reservoir. The left- 
hand road goes west for 2 miles and forks again. The right-hand road goes by 
way of the Sasco mine to Green's canal and thence to the reservoir. The left- 
hand road goes southwest through some hills to Silver Bell. There are numer- 
ous crossroads and forks, but if the traveler will keep the railroad on his left 
and follow the main traveled road, he will have no difficulty. The distance 
from Red Rock to Silver Bell is about 20 miles. 



368 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

ROADS OUT OF CASA GRANDE. 

CASA GRANDE TO MARICOPA (20.4 MILES). 

[See below for log in opposite direction.] 

The road from Casa Grande to Maricopa is like that from Casa Grande to 
Tucson, open only in dry weather. It follows the flats of Santa Cruz River 
and is very muddy when wet. (For other roads from Casa Grande see 
pp. 366-367.) 

0.0 Casa Grande. Cross to southwest side of track and follow railroad north- 
west. 
10.5 Bon, railroad siding. 
15.5 Nunez, railroad siding. 
17.2 Cross to northeast side of track and go north. 

17.5 Fork. Take left-hand road and go northwest toward railroad water tank 

at Maricopa, plainly visible. The right-hand road goes 8.3 miles to 
Casa Blanca, an Indian village on Gila River. 
20.4 Maricopa. Post office, water, store, gasoline. (For other roads out of 
Maricopa see pages 375-381.) 

MARICOPA TO CASA GRANDE (20.4 MILES). 

[See above for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Maricopa. (For other roads out of this town see pages 375-381.) Go east 

from post office across plain at a distance of a quarter to half a mile 

from the railroad. 
2.9 Reverse fork. Turn south. Road comes in on left (north) from Casa 

Blanca (8.3 miles), an Indian village on Gila River. 
3.2 Cross railroad and go southeast on southwest side of track. 
4.9 Nunez, railroad siding. 
9.9 Bon, railroad siding. 
20.4 Casa Grande. Post office, water supply, hotel, automobile supplies and 

repairs. (For other roads from Casa Grande see pages 366-367.) 

PHOENIX TO CASA GRANDE BY WAY OF SACAT0N (58 MILES). 
[See p. 369 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Phoenix. (For other roads from Phoenix see pp. 363, 376, 381-385.) Go 
east on Phoenix-Tucson Highway (see log on p. 363) to crossroads, 2 
miles east of Chandler. 

25.6 Crossroads. Turn to right ( south ) and follow power line. Road straight 

ahead (east) is Phoenix-Tucson Highway. 

35.2 Turn to left (southeast). Numerous roads.. Keep north of canal toward 

south end of hill near Gila River. 
41.6 Santan. Pima village. Turn to right (south) between fences across 
ford of Gila River toward Indian agency buildings, plainly visible. 
This ford should not be attempted when the river is in flood. 

44.3 Sacaton. Wells. Indian agency. Turn to right around buildings and 

church and then to left. Go south on graded road up alluvial slope 
toward Sacaton Mountains. 
49.2 Go through pass between detached rocky hills which form the Sacaton 
Mountains and south over fair plains road. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 369 

54.7 Cross bed of Santa Cruz River. There are wooden culverts which 
usually are in poor condition after rains or a flood on the river ; this 
crossing is difficult and local advice should be sought. Continue south. 

58.0 Casa Grande. For other roads out of this town see pages 366-367, 
368-375. 

CASA GRANDE TO PHOENIX BY WAY OF SACATON (58 MILES). 

[See p. 368 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Casa Grande. Go northeast and then northwest to outskirts of town. 

0.3 Go north on graded road. 

3.3 Cross channel of Santa Cruz River. There are wooden culverts which 

are usually in poor condition after rains or a flood on the river ; this 

crossing is difficult, and local advice should be sought. Continue north 

up alluvial slope over fair plains road. 
8.8 Go through pass between detached rocky hills which form the Sacaton 

Mountains and then down alluvial slope over graded road. 

13.7 Sacaton. Wells; Indian agency. Follow main traveled road north be- 

tween fences across ford of Gila River. This ford should not be at- 
tempted when the river is in flood. Local advice should be sought. 
16.4 Santan. Pima village on north bank of Gila River. Turn to left (north- 
west) on north side of canal. There are numberless roads; keep to 
the northwest toward power line visible in the distance. 

22.8 Turn north along power line and avoid crossroads. 
32.4 Come into east-west road. Turn west. 

33.4 Crossroads. 

33.9 Crossroads. 

34.4 Crossroads. Turn north along power line and follow Tucson-Phoenix 
Highway. (See log on p. 362.) Chandler, water, stores, and gaso- 
line, is a quarter of a mile south. 

58.0 Phoenix. For other roads from Phoenix see pages 363, 376, 381-385. 

CASA GRANDE TO FLORENCE (31 MILES). 

[See p. 370 for log in opposite direction.] 

This is a county road largely along section lines. It is well graded on soft 
alluvium. In wet weather it is very muddy and in dry weather dusty and 
full of chuck holes. There are many farms along this road, at each of which 
there is a well. Only a few of these are recorded in the log. (For other roads 
from Casa Grande see pp. 366-367, 368-375.) 

0.0 Casa Grande. Go southeast from post office and turn east near railroad 

water tank to outskirts of town. 
0.3 Beginning of county road going east along section line. 
5.0 House and well north of road. 
9.7 House and well north of road. 

10.6 Turn to left (north), avoiding road straight ahead. 
14.9 Turn to right (east). 

15.4 Turn to left (north), avoiding road straight ahead. 
17.4 Turn to right (east). Road straight ahead goes 1 mile north and 1.5 

miles east to Casa Grande Ruins. 
18.4 Crossroads. Continue east. Road on left goes north to Casa Grande 
Ruins (1.5 miles). From this place it is 9.7 miles from Florence. 
(See log on p. 365.) It is thus 1.4 miles shorter to go east to Flor- 
ence by the ruins and frequently the road is better. 



370 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

19.9 House and well on right. 
20.4 House and well on left. 
20.9 House and well on left. 

21.4 Road goes off to north. 

21.5 Schoolhouse on left (north). 

22.1 House and well on right. 
22.3 Road goes off to north. 
22.7 House and well on left. 
23.3 Crossroads. Continue east. 

24.3 Turn to left (north), avoiding road straight ahead. 
24.7 Well on right (east). 
25.3 Road on right. 

26.3 Crossroads. Turn to right (east). House and well on southwest corner. 

28.2 Turn slightly to left and go northeast along canal. 

30.0 Reverse fork. Turn north on Tucson-Phoenix Highway. 

30.5 Reverse fork. Casa Grande Ruins road comes in on left. (See p. 365.) 

31.0 Florence. Post office. (For other roads out of Florence see pp. 361-365.) 

FLORENCE TO CASA GRANDE (31 MILES). 
[See p. 369 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Florence. (For other roads from Florence see pp. 361-365.) Go south 

on Main Street. 
0.5 Fork. Continue south. Road to right is Florence-Casa Grande Ruins 

road. This road rejoins the Florence— Casa Grande road 12.6 miles 

west of Florence. It is 1.4 miles shorter to Casa Grande by the Ruins 

road and frequently it is an easier trip. 
1.0 Fork on north side of canal. Turn to right (southwest) and follow along 

canal. Left-hand road is the Tucson-Phoenix Highway. 

2.8 Turn to right (west) away from canal. 

4.7 Crossroads. Turn to left (south). House and well on southwest corner. 

5.7 Road on left. 

6.3 Well on left (east). 

6.7 Turn to right (west), avoiding road to left (east). 

7.7 Crossroads. Continue west. 

8.3 House and well on right. 

8.7 Road goes off to north. 

8.9 House and well on left. 

9.5 School house on right (north). 

9.6 Road goes off to north. 

10.1 House and well on right. 

10.6 House and well on right. 
11.1 House and well on right. 

12.6 Crossroads. Continue west. Road on right comes in from Casa Grande 
Ruins (1.5 miles). This place is 9.7 miles from Florence. (See log on 
p. 365.) 

13.6 Turn to left (south). Road on right goes north 1 mile and then east 1.5 
miles to Casa Grande Ruins. 

15.6 Turn to right (west), avoiding road on left (east). 

16.1 Turn to left (south). 

20.4 Turn to right (west), avoiding road on left (east). 

21.3 House and well north of road. 
26.0 House and well north of road. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 371 

30.7 Turn to left (southwest) on street to railroad water tank and then to 

right on Main Street. , 

31.0 Casa Grande. For other roads from Casa Grande see pages 366-375. 

CASA GRANDE TO P0Z0 SAN LUIS, S0N0RA, BY WAY OF JACKRABBIT AND 
THE SANTA ROSA VALLEY (102 MILES). 

[See pp. 373-374 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Casa Grande. Water supply, post office, hotels, supplies, automobile 
supplies and repairs. (For other roads from Casa Grande see pp. 
366-375.) Cross railroad tracks and turn south by small concrete jail. 
The road has been graded for next 10 miles ; travelers should use their 
judgment as to whether to follow on or beside grade. 

8.5 Chiu-Chuschu. Winter rancheria, United States Indian Service well, 
good water. There are two routes to Jackrabbit ; the usual route with 
• easiest grades goes to the east of the Silver Reef Mountains by way 
of Ko-opke ; the other goes to the west of the mountains by way of the 
Silver Reef mine. A road also leads west 9 miles to Cocklebur, winter 
rancheria and well. 
11.0 Ko-opke. Well and a few houses by large fields on the left, mountains 
on the right. 

13.4 Fork. Keep to right ; a road on left goes to Armenta ranch and well 

(1 mile). 

20.5 Reverse fork. The road from Chiu-Chuschu by way of Silver Reef mine 

comes in on right. 

21.9 Fork. Keep to left ; road on right goes north of hill to Orizaba mine 
(1.3 miles). 

22.4 Fork. Keep to right ; road on left goes 1.4 miles to United States Indian 
Service well, at Jackrabbit; Government employees and Indians de- 
pendent on this well for water form a new village which is replacing 
the old village of Taht Mahmeli. 

22.7 Fork. Keep to left ; road to right goes to Orizaba mine. 

23.0 Jackrabbit mine, on hill south of road at north end of Slate Mountains. 
This mine once employed a large number of workmen. There are nu- 
merous prospects in the neighborhood, and doubtless many more roads 
and watering places than are shown on the map. From the mine go 
southwest along the hills. 

24.0 Turning Point mine. To go to Santa Rosa Valley turn to left around 
point of hill, keeping Slate Mountains on left. A road comes in on right 
from Orizaba mine (1.7 miles) and from Cocklebur (9 miles). A 
road goes west (6 miles) to Quajote, a rancheria with extensive tempo- 
rales and a United States Indian Service well. From Quajote a road 
goes north of Vekol Mountains 4 miles to Reward mine, where there 
are two wells, and thence 4 miles to Bitter Wells, winter rancheria, 
where there is a well. From the latter place it is 2.5 miles to Vekol. 
From Quajote a road also goes south of Vekol Mountains 10 miles to 
Copperosity, a winter rancheria with 2 wells, and thence to Isabella 
mine, 7 miles farther. 

31.3 Beginning of village; temporales on left. Road comes in on right from 
Quajote (5 miles). 

32.0 Kukomalik. Winter rancheria ; United States Indian Service well on 
right. Continue south. 

39.0 Crossroads. Turn to right toward center of valley. 
157142°— 22 5 



372 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

44.5 Anegam. Rancheria ; United States Indian Service well on .bank of 
main arroyo of the valley, 1.5 miles east of the village. On account 
of this well there is now permanent water, and people will be found 
here at all seasons of the year. Go south between represos. 

46.5 Santa Rosa. Summer rancheria ; United States Indian Service well on 
west bank of main arroyo of valley, half a mile east of village. On 
account of this well there is now permanent water, and people will be 
found here at all seasons of the year. 

47.0 Fork. Keep to right due south in center of Santa Rosa Valley ; road to 
left goes southeast through summer rancheria of Akchin ; 19 miles 
to Cobabi. As Santa Rosa is one of the oldest and most important 
Papago settlements there are doubtless many other roads not shown 
on the map. 

60.0 Reverse fork. Road from Covered Wells comes in on right. This is part 
of Pozo Blanco route of Tucson-Yuma road. (See p. 345.) It is pos- 
sible to go to Horseshoe (Quijotoa post oflice), where there is a well 
and store, by taking this road and turning to the left about 3 miles out ; 
the total distance is 5.5 miles. Horseshoe is the center of present min- 
ing activity in the Quijotoa Mountains, and roads lead to all the prin- 
cipal mines and prospects. These roads are not shown on the map. 

61.0 Sikulhimakt, represo and some houses. Keep straight on south. A road 
goes southeast to Cobabi. This is part of the Pozo Blanco route of the 
Tucson-Yuma road. (See p. 345.) A road goes west to Horseshoe 
(5.5 miles). 

67.0 Kvitatk. Summer rancheria; no permanent water. This is the more 
eastern of two rancherfas near the abandoned well and ruined pumping 
plant of the old W T eldon mine. The western rancheria is called, in 
Papago, "Vainomkux," which is translated roughly as " Iron Pipe." 
The whole locality is sometimes called " Pumphouse." P'rom each 
rancheria there is a road to San Antone, winter rancheria, with three 
wells, on the site of the abandoned mining camp of Quijotoa. This 
place lies at the foot of the mountains between South Mountain and 
Ben Nevis Mountain. The Weldon mine, now abandoned, lies 2.5 
miles up the canyon, and from the wells near by, roads lead over the 
mountain to Black Butte, winter rancheria and well. The condition 
of these roads is not known. Quijotoa mine, on the north side of Ben 
Nevis, is 5 miles from Kvitatk. The road goes through Iron Pipe and 
branches from the San Antone road 2 miles out of that village. A 
road also goes east 5.5 miles to Nolic, winter rancheria with wells, 
which lies just southeast of Cobabi Mountains, a small group of red- 
dish, rugged mountains. Another road goes southeast 14 miles to 
Indian Oasis. (See p. 393.) 

To continue to Tecolote go south from Kvitatk, avoiding the many 
forks and crossroads, and cross a low drainage divide. South of this 
divide the road stays on the east of the main arroyo of the valley, 
which gradually swings west to round the point of South Mountain. 

76.5 Cross main Tucson-Yuma road about three-fourths of a mile west of the 
Geological Survey sign at Big Fields. As this crossroad was not seen in 
traveling from Big Fields to Copeka it is likely that this part of the 
road is little, used, and travelers leaving Kvitatk will probably land 
at Big Fields. In this event they should go to the south side of Big 
Fields and take the Indian Oasis-Menegers Dam road (see p. 394) 
until they come into this road at mile 78.5. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 373 

78.5 Crossroads. Continue south. This is Indian Oasis-Menegers Dam road. 

(Seep. 394.) 

79.3 Crossroads. Continue south. This is Copeka-Kavolik road. (Seep. 396.) 

87.0 Tecolote. Summer rancherla ; large represo in which there is water for 
several months after a rain; no permanent water. Tecolote is the 
center of a maze of roads, of which the principal one is the Indian 
Oasis-Kavolik-Tecolote route into Mexico (see p. 392); others are 
from and to the various near-by temporales and summer rancherias. 
Go south on west side of represo. 

90.8 Crossroads. Continue south. 

92.3 Pass temporal and houses on left; avoid numerous forks and continue 
south. 

94.3 International boundary monument 151 about a mile to the left (east). 
Go south into cove between La Lesna and Cobota mountains. • 

94.6 Reverse fork. Road from La Lesna Mountains comes in on right. 
99.0 Cobota rancherla. 

102.0 Pozo San Luis. Winter rancherla ; well and permanent water. From 
Pozo San Luis roads lead to all the principal points in Sonora. 

POZO SAN LITIS, SONORA, TO CASA GRANDE BY WAY OF SANTA ROSA 
VALLEY AND JACKRABBIT (102 MILES). 

[See pp. 371-373 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Pozo San Luis. Winter rancherla ; well and permanent water. Roads 
lead to this place from all the principal points in Sonora. Go north- 
east. 

3.0 Cobota rancheria. Go north between La Lesna and Cobota mountains 
into open plain. 

7.4 Fork. Keep to right. Road to left goes to north end of La Lesna Moun- 
tains. 

7.7 International boundary monument 151 about a mile to the right (east). 
Go north, avoiding numerous forks. 

9.7 Temporal and houses on right. 
11.2 Crossroads. Continue north. 

15.0 Tecolote. Summer rancherla; large represo in which there is *water for 
several months after a rain; no permanent water. Tecolote is the 
center of a maze of roads, of which the principal one is the Indian 
Oasis-Kavolik-Tecolote route into Mexico (see p. 392) ; others are 
from and to the various near-by temporales and rancherias. Go north 
on west side of represo and east of corral, bearing to east of Quijotoa 
Mountains, visible across the plain. 

22.7 Crossroads. Continue north. This is Copeka-Kavolik road. (See 

p. 396.) 

23.5 Crossroads. Continue north ; this is Indian Oasis-Menegers Dam road. 
(See p. 394.) 

25.5 Crossroads. Tucson- Yuma road about three-quarters of a mile west of 
the Geological Survey sign at Big Fields. As this crossroad was not 
seen in traveling from Big Fields to Copeka, it is likely that this part 
of the road is little used, and travelers leaving Tecolote may land in 
Big Fields. In this event they will find a road leading from the represo 
on the north side of Big Fields and rejoining this road at Kvitatk. 



374 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

35.0 Kvitatk. Summer rancheria ; no permanent water. This is the more 
eastern of two rancherias near the abandoned well and ruined pump- 
ing plant of the old Weldon mine. The western rancheria is called, in 
Papago, " Vainomkux," which is translated roughly as " Iron Pipe." 
The whole locality is sometimes called " Pumphouse." 

Avoid the numerous crossroads and forks and go north between 
the represos of Kvitatk on the west side of arroyo, which flows north. 
From this place to Anegam the road roiiows the center of Sonta Rosa 
Valley ; plains road, very muddy in wet weather. For roads out of 
Kvitatk see page 393. 

41.0 Sikulhimakt, represo and some houses. Keep straight on north. (For 
roads out of this place see p. 345.) 

42.0 Fork. Take left-hand road (north). (For right-hand road see p. 345.) 

55.0 Reverse fork. (For road coming in on right see p. 372.) 

55.5 Santa Rosa. Summer rancheria ; United States Indian Service well on 
west bank of main arroyo of valley, half a mile east of village. On 
account of this well there is now permanent water and people will 
be found here at all seasons of the year. Avoiding forks and cross- 
roads ; go north. 

57.5 Anegam. Summer rancheria ; United States Indian Service well on bank 
of main arroyo of the valley, 1.5 miles east of the village. On account 
of this well there is now permanent water and people will be found here 
at all seasons of the year. Go north between represos and turn to right 
(northeast) along south bank of large arroyo. 

63.0 Crossroads; turn to left (north). 

70.0 Kukomalik. Winter rancheria ; United States Indian Service well on 
left. Continue north through village with temporales on right. 

70.7 End of village; road from Quajote (5 miles) comes in on left. 

78.0 Turning Point mine at north end of Slate Mountains. Turn to right 
around point of the mountains. Various roads come in here. (See 
p. 371.) 

79.0 Jackrabbit mine, on hill south of road. (See p. 371.) 
79.3 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from Orizaba mine. 

79.3 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right from United States Indian Service 
well at Jackrabbit. Government employees and Indians dependent 
on this well for water form a new village which is replacing the old 
village of Taht Mahmeli. 

80.1 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from Orizaba mine (1.3 miles). 

81.5 Fork. Keep to right; the road on left goes by way of Silver Reef mine 

and rejoins this road at Chiu-Chuschu. It is about the same length but 
has steeper grades. 

88.6 Reverse fork. Road comes in from Armenta ranch. 

91.0 Ko-Opke. Well and a few houses by large fields on right, mountains on 
the left. 

93.5 Chiu-Chuschu. Winter rancheria ; United States Indian Service well, 
good water. G~ north through village on graded road. (For other 
roads see p. 375.) 
102.0 Casa Grande. Water supply, post office, hotels, supplies, automobile sup- 
plies and repairs. ( For other roads from Casa Grande see pp. 366-375. ) 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 375 

CASA GRANDE TO COCKLEBUR AND QUAJOTE (27.2 MILES). 

[See below for log in opposite direction.] 

This road was not traveled, and distances are given as measured on the map. 
(For other roads from Casa Grande see pp. 366-375.) 

0.0 Casa Grande. Cross railroad tracks and go south on graded road. 

2.0 Fork. Take right-hand road (southwest). The graded road continues 

south to Chiu-Chuschu. (See log on p. 371.) 

11.0 Well and Indian huts. 

15.5 Cocklebur. Winter rancheria ; two dug wells. Continue south. Road 
from Chiu-Chuschu on left (p. 371) and from Maricopa on right 
(p. 380). 

20.1 Fork. Take right-hand road southwest. Left-hand road goes southeast 3 

miles to Orizaba mine and 6 miles to Jackrabbit. (See p. 371.) 

26.1 Corner of temporal. Go west along border of field and then south. 

27.2 Quajote. Winter rancheria ; United States Indian Service well. 

From this village a road goes north of Vekol Mountains 4 miles to 
Reward mine, where there are two wells, and thence 4 miles to 
Bitter Well, winter rancheria, where there is a well. From Quajote a 
road also goes south of Vekol Mountains 10 miles to Copperosity, a 
winter rancheria with two wells, and thence to Isabella mine, 7 
miles farther. 

QUAJOTE TO COCKLEBUR AND CASA GRANDE (27.2 MILES). 

[See above for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Quajote. From the United States Indian Service well go north and 
turn east along northern border of temporal. 

1.1 Turn northeast at corner of field. 

6.1 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right from Orizaba mine (3 miles) and 
Jackrabbit (6 miles). 

11.7 Cocklebur. Winter rancheria; two dug wells. Continue north and 

northeast. 

16.2 Well and Indian huts. 

25.2 Reverse fork. Turn north on graded road which comes in from Chiu- 
Chuschu. (Seep. 371.) 

27.2 Casa Grande. For other roads out of this town see pages 366-375. 

ROADS OUT OF MARICOPA. 

MARICOPA TO GILA BEND (44.1 MILES). 

[See p. 376 for log in opposite direction.] 

This road, except for the short interval between Heaton and the Geological 
Survey sign west of Enid, is made of parts of the Phoenix-Maricopa road by 
way of Gila Crossing and the Phoenix-Gila Bend road by way of Gila Crossing. 

0.0 Maricopa. Cross railroad track and go west toward gap between Sierra 
Estrella and Palo Verde Mountains, avoiding road to left, which goes 
to Akchin. (See p. 377.) Much drifted sand and many adobe flats. 

4.0 Peblo Well. Good water. Turn northwest toward railroad. 

6.9 Heaton. Switch on railroad. No houses. Cross railroad and turn west 
over fair desert road. Road north goes to Phoenix. (See p. 377.) 

11.8 Enid. Water in emergencies at section house. Continue west. 



376 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

14.1 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road from Phoenix comes in 
on right. This point is mile 33.9 of log given on page 381. Follow 
this west into Gila Bend. 

44.1 Gila Bend. For other roads from Gila Bend see pages 381-392. 

GILA BEND TO MARICOPA (44.1 MILES). 

[See p. 375 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Gila Bend. (For other roads from Gila Bend see pp. 381-392.) Geologi- 
cal Survey sign. Follow Phoenix-Gila Bend road. (See p. 381.) 

30.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to right on north side of railroad. 

Left-hand road goes to Phoenix. 
32.3 Enid. Water in emergencies at section house. Continue east. 

37.2 Heaton. Switch on railroad. No houses. Turn to right (south) across 

tracks and go southeast, avoiding fork to left just south of track. 
Phoenix-Maricopa road comes in on left (north). This point is 
mile 29.1. 

40.1 Peblo Well. Good water. Turn east and follow main traveled road. 

avoiding numerous forks and crossroads. Much drifted sand and 
many adobe flats. 

44.1 Maricopa. Post office, water, hotel, supplies, gasoline. For other roads 

from Maricopa see pages 375-381. 

PHOENIX TO MARICOPA BY WAY OF GILA CROSSING (36 MILES). 

[See below for log in opposite direction.] 

Except the very roundabout route through Florence and Casa Grande any 
road from Phoenix to Maricopa involves fording Gila River. This can not 
be done when the river is in flood, and information should be obtained before 
starting. (For other roads from Phoenix see pp. 363, 368-369, 381-385.) 

0.0 Phoenix. Take road to Gila Bend by way of Gila Crossing. (See p. 
381 for log.) 
16.5 Gila Crossing. 

23.9 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left (south) across plain on 
good desert road. Right-hand road goes to Gila Bend. 

25.2 Fork. Keep to right (south). Left-hand road goes to Maricopa also. 

The distance is 8 miles, but the road is said to be sandy and bad. 

29.1 Heaton. Switch on railroad, no houses. Cross railroad and go south- 
east, avoiding fork to left just south of track. Road comes in on 
north side of track from Enid (4.9 miles) and Gila Bend. (See 
p. 375.) 

32.0 Peblo Well. Good water. Turn east and follow main traveled road 
toward railroad water tank, avoiding numerous forks and crossroads. 
Much drifted sand and many adobe flats. 

36.0 Maricopa. Post office, water, hotel, supplies, gasoline. (For other 
roads to Maricopa see pp. 375-381.) 

MARICOPA TO PHOENIX BY WAY OF GILA CROSSING (36 MILES). 

[See above for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Maricopa. Cross railroad track and go west toward gap between Sierra 
Estrella and Palo Verde Mountains, avoiding road to left, which 
goes to Akchin. (See p. 377.) 

4.0 Peblo Well. Good water. Turn northwest toward railroad. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 377 

6.9 Heaton. Switch on railroad, no houses. Cross railroad and go north 
across plain on good desert road. From Heaton a road goes west to 
Gila Bend. (See p. 375.) 

10.8 Reverse fork. Road from Maricopa (8 miles) comes in on right. 

12.1 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road from Gila Bend comes 
in on left. For detailed log follow Gila Bend-Phoenix road from 
this point, which is mile 40.0 in that log. (See p. 382.) 

18.5 Gila Crossing. 

36.0 Phoenix. For other roads from Phoenix see pages 363, 368-369, 381-385. 

MARICOPA TO VEKOL VALLEY, KAKA, AND COVERED WELLS (78.7 MILES). 

[See pp. 379-380 for log in opposite direction.] 

This road is hardly a through route, in the commonly accepted sense. The 
road from Maricopa to Vekol Valley is, however, good and in common use by 
the Papagos and some prospectors. The road from Kaka to Covered Wells 
was not traveled, and distances are given as measured on the maps. 

0.0 Maricopa. Post office, store, gasoline, water from railroad well. From 
post office, cross railroad at station and go southwest to well derricks 
visible across the plain. Many intersecting roads. 

1.9 Turn into lane between wire fences. 

2.4 Akchin. United States Indian Service well and pumping plant. 
Similar plants half a mile west and south. Turn west along fence. 

2.7 Turn southwest and cross north and south road at Mile 3.0. This road 
goes south about 24 miles to Cocklebur. ( See p. 380. ) 

5.0 Fork. Keep to left ; road on right goes 0.7 mile to Drake's ranch, well 
and good water; last permanent water on this road for 71 miles. 
From Drake's ranch an old road leads around the south end of Palo 
Verde Mountains into the southern portion of the Jornada de las 
Estrellas. There is said to be a spring in a canyon below a cliff, 
16 miles out on this road. 

5.7 Crossroads. Keep straight on south along alluvial slope over fair plains 
road, crossing numerous washes, toward pass in rugged granite moun- 
tains. Road on right is second road to Drake's ranch; road on left 
goes to another ranch. 

16.6 Cross arroyo and turn to right in pass. 

17.0 Cross arroyo and go southwest across rolling country in open valley 
toward second pass in brown, flat-topped hills. 

18.6 Beginning of second pass. Faint road goes off southeast toward Table 

Top Mountains. 

18.8 Sand tank in arroyo on left of road. Water can be found here after 

rains by digging about 4 feet in the sand not dependable. 

Continue west in narrow valley. 

19.7 Turn sharply to left (south) over lava point. 

20.0 End of lava.. Go south over alluvial slope into Vekol Valley, toward 
small hill in center of valley. Antelope Peak on left. 

22.9 Faint road comes in on right. 

24.9 Go down bank into trench along main arroyo of Vekol Valley; granite 

hill on left. 
25.4 Cross main arroyo; very sandy and bad crossing. Go south on west 

side of arroyo, through mesquite-covered flat. 
26.0 Faint road crosses arroyo and goes toward Antelope Peak. 



378 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

28.2 Water hole. Water is found by digging in sand in sharp elbow of main 
arroyo below entrance of tributary ; water for a few weeks after 
rains. 

30.6 Brush corral on left ; charco just south of corral on main arroyo ; water 
only after rains. Go south over alluvial slope ; grassy flats on the left. 

32.9 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Continue south. This road comes 
in from Stouts Well (9 miles), the nearest permanent water. (See 
p. 386.) Faint road crosses grassy flat at this point and leads to 
Vekol ; not easily traveled. 

33.1 Faint road on left. 

34.5 Fork. Keep to right (south). 

34.8 Fork. Keep to right (south) ; road on left goes to Vekol. (See p. 386.) 

35.5 Faint road on right goes to spring and abandoned rancheria, under north 

side of Squaw Tit Peak. Spring has small but permanent flow. 
It is impossible to get within a mile of spring with an automobile, and 
difficult for a wagon. The trail from Stouts Well is badly washed but 
passable for horses (4 miles). 

37.2 Faint road on right. 
39.4 Small gravel hill on left. 

40.4 Totobit Tanks. Road turns to left and crosses arroyo by gravel hill. 
Tanks are to left in channel of arroyo and consist of a number of 
plunge pools and potholes in black lava and conglomerate. Tanks 
hold a good deal of water and have water for a large part of the 
year. 

40.6 Fork. Keep to left ; right-hand road avoids village of Totobit. 

40.9 Totobit. Summer rancheria ; about 3 houses on gravel hill ; temporales 

to the south and east. The Murray & Lopez Well is 1 mile north, but 
no information is available concerning it. From Totobit go south over 
adobe flat. 
41.4 Reverse fork. Road direct from Totobit Tanks. 

45.3 Small charco on right of road. Bear to right into pass. 

45.7 Charcos on right. 

47.8 House on top of gravel hill. Sign in boulders on left of road : " San 

Jose, April 18, 1906." Go downhill past ruined represo into valley be- 
tween basalt plateaus. 

48.9 Charco on right of road. 

49.2 Kaka. Summer rancheria in valley between lava plateaus; no perma- 
nent water. From Kaka roads lead to Moivavi and Emita (see 
p. 388). The road to Covered Wells was not traveled, and distances 
are given as measured on the map. Turn south and go through pass, 
avoiding fork on left, and continue south, keeping the mountain mass 
south of Kaka on the right. 

57.2 Fork. Keep to left and turn southeast to south side of butte. Road to 
right goes through pass in lava plateaus to Perigua (13 miles). 

58.2 Butte on left (north). 

61.7 Cross southern spur of small mountains. Two natural windows in the 
rocks of these mountains. 

65.2 Northeast corner of temporal. Go south along east side into rolling coun- 
try between Sierra Blanca and Brownell Mountains. Most of the way 
is over rocky hills, with many short but steep inclines and pitches. 

71.7 Reverse fork. Road from Charco de la Piedra comes in here. (See p. 
409.) Probably more roads than shown, as this region has been 
actively prospected. Head toward south end of Brownell Mountains. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 379 

76.2 West wells of Covered Wells; permanent water. Road comes in from 

Pozo Blanco. (See p. 345.) Go down rocky valley with scattered 
Papago houses. 

78.7 Covered Wells. Store, two wells. From Covered Wells roads lead to 

Brownell, but their exact route is not known, to Horseshoe, and to 
points in Santa Rosa Valley. 

COVERED WELLS TO KAKA, VEKOL VALLEY, AND MARICOPA (78.7 

MILES). 

[See pp. 377-379 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Covered Wells. Store, two wells. Go west up rocky valley, with scat- 
tered Papago houses. 
2.5 West wells of Covered Wells; permanent water. Road forks just 
west of corral and wells ; take right-hand road northwest, over rolling 
country. Road rocky with many short inclines and pitches. There 
are probably many more roads than are shown on map, as this coun- 
try has been actively prospected for many years. Distances are given 
as measured on the map as far as Kaka. Road to left goes west to 
Pozo Blanco. (See p. 345.) 
7.0 Fork. Take right-hand road toward small rugged mountain ranges on 
north. Left-hand road goes northwest and crosses end of Sierra Blanca 
to Charco de la Piedra. (See p. 409.) 

13.5 Northeast corner of temporal. Go west along north side and then north- 
west to south end of small ragged mountains. Two natural windows in 
the rocks of these mountains. 

17.0 Cross southern spur of mountains and go northwest across plain toward 
lone butte. 

20.5 Butte on right (north). 

21.5 Reverse fork. Go north parallel to mountains on left and then through 
narrow pass. Road comes in on left from Perigua (13 miles). 

29.5 Kaka. Summer rancheria, in valley between lava plateaus. No perma- 
nent water. Fields to the right ; scattered houses. From Kaka roads 
lead to Moivavi and Emita. (See p. 388.) To go to Vekol Valley turn 
to right and go through pass on east. 

29.8 Charco on left of road. 

30.9 House on top of gravel hill ; sign in boulders on right of road, " San Jose, 

April 18, 1906." Ruined represo just west. 
33.0 Charcos on left. Turn northeast down little valley. 

33.4 Small charco on left. Go north into upper end of Vekol Valley. 

37.3 Fork. Keep to right. Left-hand road goes direct to Totobit Tanks. 

37.8 Totobit. Summer rancheria; about 3 houses on gravel hill. Temporales 
to the south and east. The Murray & Lopez Well is 1 mile north, 
but no information is available as to the amount and value of the 
water. Turn west from Totobit. 

38.3 Totobit Tanks. Cross arroyo and turn to right (north). The tanks are 
to the right in the channel of the arroyo and consist of a number of 
plunge pools and potholes in black lava and conglomerate. The tanks 
hold a good deal of water and have water for a large part of the 
year. 

39.3 Small gravel hill on right. Road runs north on west side of grassy flats 
which occupy center of the valley. 

41.5 Faint road on left. 



380 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

43.2 Faint road on left goes to spring and abandoned rancherla under north 
side of Squaw Tit Peak. The spring has a small but permanent 
flow. It is impossible to get within a mile of the spring with an auto- 
mobile and difficult for a wagon. The trail from Stouts Well is 
badly washed but passable for horses (4 miles). 

43.9 Reverse fork. Road from Vekol comes in on right. (See p. 387.) 

44.2 Reverse fork. 

45.6 Faint road on right. 

45.8 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to right. Road to Stouts Well turns 
off to left. Nearest water 9 miles by this road. (Seep. 387.) 

48.1 End of grassy flats. On right Brush corral. Charco just south of corral 

on main arroyo. Water only after rains. 

50.2 Water hole. Water is found by digging in the sand in sharp elbow of 

the main arroyo below entrance of tributary ; it lasts only for a few 
weeks after a rain. 

52.7 Faint road crosses arroyo on right and goes toward Antelope Peak. 

53.3 Cross main arroyo, very sandy and bad crossing, and go along west slope 

of lone rocky hill. 
58.3 Go up bank onto gravelly alluvial slopes, then slightly east of north, 
with Antelope Peak on right. 

55.8 Faint road on left. 

58.7 Go onto lava, which is western projection of small lava hills. 

59.0 Turn sharply to right into narrow pass. 

59.9 Sand tank in arroyo on right of road. Water can be found here after 

rains by digging about 4 feet into sand. Go east in rolling rocky 
country to pass in granite hills ahead. 

60.1 Faint road goes southeast toward Table Top Mountains. 
61.7 Cross arroyo. 

62.1 Cross arroyo and go north out of pass along alluvial slope over fair 
desert road, crossing numerous washes. 

73.0 Crossroads. Keep straight on toward well derricks at Akchin. Road 
on left goes half a mile to Drake's ranch; well and good water. 
From this ranch an old road leads around south end of Palo Verde 
Mountains into southern portion of Jornada de las Estrellas. There is 
said to be a spring in a canyon below a cliff 16 miles out on this 
road. Road to right goes to another ranch. 

73.7 Reverse fork. Second road from Drake's ranch comes in. Go north 

and east to center of three well derricks. 
76.3 Akchin. United States Indian Service well and pumping plant. 
Similar plants half a mile west and south. Turn north tnrough lane 
on right of center well. 

76.8 End of lane. Turn northeast toward railroad. Water tank at Maricopa 

easily visible. Take best of various roads. 
78.7 Maricopa, post office, store, gasoline, water from railroad well. For 
roads from Maricopa see pages 368, 375-381. 

MARICOPA TO COCKLEBUR (27 MILES). 

This road goes southeast from the United States Indian Service wells at 
Akchin. These wells are 2.4 miles southwest from Maricopa and the well der- 
ricks are plainly visible. From these wells a road goes south and then turns 
southeastward across the plains to Cocklebur. About 3 miles from Cocklebur 
it crosses a spur from the mountains west of that place. The distance from 
Maricopa to Cocklebur is about 27 miles. (For roads from Cocklebur see 
p. 375.) 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 38.1 

ROADS OUT OF GILA BEND. 

PHOENIX TO GILA BEND BY WAY OF GILA CROSSING (63.9 MILES). 

[See pp. 3S2-383 for log in opposite direction.] 

Two routes lead to Gila Bend from Phoenix, one by way of Buckeye, which 
crosses Gila River on the ford south of that village, and one which goes south 
on the bridge over Salt River and crosses the Gila at the ford between Salt 
River Mountains and the Sierra Estrella, called Gila Crossing. Neither route 
can be used during high water on the Gila. The ford is likely to be treacherous 
at any time, but at Gila Crossing there is daily traffic, because of the Indian 
villages on either side of the river. If the machine gets stuck in the mud or 
quicksand, an Indian can usually be induced to bring his team and haul it out. 
The Indians ordinarily set a high value on their services. 

0.0 Phoenix. Travelers should carry water for the whole trip, if possible. 
A well has been drilled at Mobile, 36 miles from Phoenix, and water 
can probaby be obtained there. Go south on Center Street and cross 
Arizona Eastern (Southern Pacific) Railroad tracks at mile 0.3 and 
concrete bridge over Salt River at mile 1.7. Avoid crossroads. 

4.7 Turn to right (southwest) along north hank of Western Canal.. 

6.4 Cross lateral and then main canal at bend and go along south bank of 
canal. One may also cross lateral and go west 1.3 miles and then turn 
southwest and cross. Western Canal. 

8.4 Geological Survey sign on south bank of Western Canal and edge of 
desert. Many wells at farms this far. Go southwest over good plains 
road through open gap between isolated hill and Salt River Mountains. 

11.8 Williamson store. Abandoned store building and well; many roads 

come in and go out at this point. Take main traveled road south ; 
sandy valley road. 

14.3 Komatke. Indian village. Geological Survey sign. Post office, small 
store, mission buildings of St. John's Chapel west. If water is neces- 
sary get it here. From this point take main traveled road south, keep- 
ing house with tin roof to left. 

16.5 Geological Survey sign at head of lane going southwest to river. Follow 
latest and best-looking tracks over ford. Gila Crossing should always 
be given careful inspection. Low-powered and heavy automobiles 
should be cautious. There is usually water in the river at this 
point. At end of ford turn right and go through Pima village, fol- 
lowing best track. 

18.1 Cross Santa Cruz River to gravel bench at foot of Sierra Estrella 

and go southeast along this bench. Santa Cruz River is here little 
more than an irrigating ditch. The crossing is treacherous and travel- 
ers should be cautious. There is heavy sand going in and out of the 
channel and mud at the bottom. 

21.2 Fork. Keep to the right. The left-hand road goes along the margin of 

the Santa Cruz Cienaga, a low area of swamp and salt grass. By this 
road it is approximately 10 miles to Maricopa. It is, however, poor 
and sandy. Log of better road is given on page 376. 

21.9 Turn slightly and go south across plain. 

23.9 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take right-hand road toward south end 
of Sierra Estrella, skirting mountains over rough desert road. Left- 
hand road goes to Maricopa. (See p. 376.) 



3,82 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

31.3 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take left-hand road toward railroad 
across adobe flat. Right-hand road goes west to small blackish moun- 
tains. It is the old stage road from Maricopa Wells to Gila Bend and 
is passable for 6 miles only. 

32.1 Crossroads. Continue southwest. 

33.9 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Go west along railroad track. 
Road comes in along track from Enid and Maricopa. 

36.1 Mobile; station and section house. Well. 

45.7 Estrella station and section house. Water in emergencies. 

46.1 Cross railroad tracks and go west in pass. 

50.2 Cross railroad track and go west toward small rocky hill. 

51.3 Turn southwest to railroad. 

53.6 Turn west along railroad and go down alluvial slope. 

54.9 Bosque, station and section house ; water in emergencies. 

60.9 Coledon, station and section house ; water in emergencies. 

62.9 Turn to left across railroad tracks. Reverse fork on south side, road 

comes in from Mesquite Tank. (See p. 391.) Go west along track. 
63.6 Double reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to right and cross 

canal and railroad track into town. 
63.9 Gila Bend. Geological Survey sign. Post office, water, eating house, 

rooms, supplies, gasoline. (For roads from this town see pp. 375-376, 

381-392.) 

GILA BEND TO PHOENIX BY WAY OF GILA CROSSING (63.9 MILES). 

[See pp. 381-382 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Gila Bend. Geological Survey sign. Travelers should carry water for 
the whole trip if possible. A well has been drilled at Mobile, 28 miles 
from Gila Bend, and water can probably be obtained there. Go south 
across railroad and canal to fork. 

0.3 Double fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left (east). 

1.0 Fork. Turn to left across railroad and go east on north side of track. 
Road on right, rather faint, goes to Mesquite Tank. ( See p. 391. ) 

3.0 Coledon. Station and section house ; water in emergencies. 

9.0 Bosque. Station and section house ; water in emergencies. 
10.3 Turn northeast toward pass. 

12.6 Turn east into pass. 

13.7 Cross railroad tracks. 

17.8 Cross railroad track at east end of pass. 

18.2 Estrella station and section house. Water in emergencies. Go east on 
north side of track, going around railroad wye. 

27.8 Mobile. Station and section house. Well. 

30.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left across adobe flat ; right-hand 
road follows along track to Enid and Maricopa. (See p. 376.) 

31.8 Crossroads. Continue northwest. 

32.6 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Go north of hill and skirt south- 
ern end of Sierra Estrella. Old stage road from Gila Bend to 
Maricopa Wells comes in on left. It is impassable beyond black hills, 
6 miles out. 

40.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road comes in on right from 
Maricopa. (See p. 375.) Go north from this sign parallel to Sierra 
Estrella. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 383 

42.7 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right from Maricopa (p. 375). 

45.8 Cross Santa Cruz River. Among scattered Indian houses and fields, fol- 

low best-traveled road through Pima village to Gila River. Santa 
Cruz River at this point is little more than an irrigating ditch. The 
crossing is treacherous and travelers should be cautious. There is 
heavy sand going in and out of the channel and mud at the bottom. 
46.4 Gila Crossing. Follow latest and best-looking tracks over ford. Gila 
Crossing should always be given careful inspection. Low-powered and 
heavy automobiles should be cautious. 

47.4 Geological Survey sign at end of lane leading from ford, about half a 

mile from river. Go north on best-traveled road over sandy plain. 
Keep house with tin roof on right. 
49.6 Komatke. Indian village. Geological Survey sign. Post office, small 
store. Mission buildings of St. John's Chapel west. If water is neces- 
sary get it there. Go north on main traveled road toward gap between 
isolated hill and Salt River Mountains. 

52.1 Williamson store. Abandoned store building and well. Many roads 

coming in and out at this point. Go northeast by good desert road 
through gap. 

55.5 Geological Survey sign on south bank of Western Canal. Numerous wells 

at farmhouses from this point. Turn west and follow south bank of 
canal for two miles and then cross it, or cross canal and go northeast 
for seven-tenths of a mile and then turn east on south side of lateral. 

57.5 Go northeast on northwest side of Western Canal. 

59.2 Turn north between fences and farms, avoiding crossroads. 
62,.2 Cross Salt River on concrete bridge. 

63.6 Cross railroad tracks. 

63.9 Phoenix. 

PHOENIX TO GILA BEND BY WAY OF BUCKEYE (69.5 MILES). 

[See pp. 384-385 for log in opposite direction.] 

By C. P. Ross. 

0.0 Phoenix. Go west on Phoenix-Yuma road. (For detailed log see U. S. 
Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 490-C, p. 283.) 

34.2 Buckeye. Post office, wells, hotel, stores, garage, gasoline. Go west. 
34.5 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn south (left) on fair to good road. 

Road west leads to Palo Verde, Yuma, and Parker. 
35.9 North bank of Gila River. The river can, under favorable conditions, 

be crossed by automobiles at this place. Do not attempt to ford when 

the river is in flood. It is frequently necessary, even when the river 

is almost dry, for automobiles to be towed across by horses. The sandy 

bed of the stream is about a mile wide here. 
37.0 South bank of Gila River. Go south and west over fair to good desert 

road all the way to Gila Bend. 
39.8 Fork. Take left-hand road (south), which is probably better. Road to 

right goes through farm lands under Gila Water & Land Co. project. 

Water may be obtained at any of these farms. 
40.8 Corner of cleared land. Go west along south border of cleared land. 

42.3 Reverse fork. Road on right is same as right-hand turn at mile 39.8. 

48.4 Reverse fork. Faint road, seldom used, comes in from Liberty. 

53.2 Cross abandoned irrigation canal. Road passes through breaches in 
canal wall in a sharp s curve. Careful driving necessary. 



384 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

54.4 Reverse fork at fence corner. 

54.9 Abandoned house and store. Shallow dry well. Continue on main road. 
56.9 Abandoned farm. Two dry wells. Continue straight ahead. 

60.1 Unoccupied ranch. Well with windmill. Salty water could be obtained 

at times; unreliable. 

62.2 Frandsen & Knudsen's ranch. Well with very salty water, unfit for 

drinking, a quarter of a mile to right of road. Continue on main road. 
64.1 Abandoned farm. Well caved and windmill out of order. 

66.3 Reverse fork. Faint road on right. 

66.8 Reverse fork. Road on right leads from ranch. 
67.3 Reverse fork. Road on right leads from ranch. 

69.5 Gila Bend. Geological Survey sign. Post office, water, eating house, 

rooming house, stores, gasoline. 

GILA BEND TO PHOENIX BY WAY OF BUCKEYE (69.5 MILES). 

[See pp. 383-384 for log in opposite direction.] 

By C. P. Ross. 

0.0 Gila Bend. Geological Survey sign. Go north through town. The road 

all the way to Gila River crossing is fair to good desert road. 
2.2 Fork. Turn to right on most traveled road ; road on left leads to ranch. 
2.7 Fork, Continue on main road ; road on left leads to ranch. 

3.2 Fork. Continue on main road, avoiding faint road on left. 
5.4 Abandoned farm. Well caved and windmill out of order. 

7.3 Frandsen & Knudsen's ranch. Well with very salty water, unfit for 

drinking, a quarter of mile to left of road. Continue on main road. 

9.4 Unoccupied ranch. Well with windmill. Salty water could be obtained 

at times ; unreliable. 

12.6 Abandoned farm. Two dry wells. Continue straight ahead. 

14..6 Abandoned house and store. Shallow dry well. Continue on main road. 

15.1 Fork. Continue straight ahead, avoiding faint road on left around cor- 
ner of fence. 

16.3 Cross abandoned irrigation canal. Road passes through breaches in canal 
wall in a sharp S curve. Careful driving necessary. 

21.1 Fork. Continue on main road. Faint road on right leads to Liberty; 

seldom used. 

27.2 Fork. Either road can be used. Take road on right, which is probably 

the better of the two. Farm lands under Gila Water & Land Co. 
project are now T entered. Water may be obtained at any of these 
farms. 

28.7 Corner of cleared land. Go north along east border of cleared land. 

29.7 Fork. Turn to right and go north and east. Road coming in on left is 
from farms in this project, and is the road encountered if the left- 
hand road at mile 27.2 is taken. Follow main traveled road; sandy 
but not difficult. 

32.5 South bank of Gila River. The river can under favorable conditions be 

crossed by automobiles at this place. Do not attempt the ford when 
river is in flood. It is frequently necessary, even when the river is 
almost dry, for automobiles to be towed across by horses. The sandy 
bed of the stream is about a mile wide here. 

33.6 North bank of Gila River. Continue due north on fair to good road. 
35.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn east (right). Road west leads to 

Palo Verde, Yuma, and Parker. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY. ARIZONA. 385 

35.3 Buckeye. Post office, well, hotel, stores, garage, and gasoline. Go east 
on Phoenix-Yuma road. (For detailed log see U. S. Geol. Survey 
Water-Supply Paper 490-C, p. 289.) 

69.5 Phoenix. 

GILA BEND TO SENTINEL (30 MILES). 

[See below for log in opposite direction.] 

By C. P. Ross. 

0.0 Gila Bend. (For other roads from Gila Bend see pp. 375-376, 381-392.) 
Geological Survey sign. Go west from sign and follow north side of 
railroad track. The road is all fair to good mesa and desert road. 

0.9 Reverse fork. Road comes in from across track (south). 

2.2 Turn slightly away from track. 

3.8 Smurr. Station house on railroad about 0.4 mile south of road. 

6.1 Turn west along old abandoned canal and cross small abandoned canal. 
7.5 Turn southwest, following canal to railroad track. 

8.7 Turn west along track. 

9.2 Box-car houses along track just south of this point. 

15.0 Piedra. Water in emergencies at section house. 

22.1 Tartron. Water in emergencies at section house. Road south from Tar- 

tron goes to Rawley mines (14 miles). 

29.0 Houses on north side of track. Reverse fork; road, usually obliterated, 
comes in on right from Jordon's ranch (11 miles). Go west of sta- 
tion to Geological Survey sign. 

29.5 Railroad crossing. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left and cross rail- 
road and go back (east) in front of Brown's Hotel to Sentinel station. 
At the sign a road comes in from Agua Caliente (14 miles), and along 
the track is the Tucson-Yuma road. 

30.0 Sentinel. Water from railroad well. Store, hotel, gasoline. 

SENTINEL TO GILA BEND (30 MILES). 

[See above for log in opposite direction.] 
By C. P. Ross. 

0.0 Sentinel. Railroad station. (For other roads out of Sentinel see pp. 
339, 340.) Go west in front of Brown's Hotel. 

0.5 Railroad crossing. Geological Survey sign. Cross railroad and turn 
abruptly to right (east). Road on left is Tucson-Yuma road (see 
p. 339) ; that straight ahead leads to Agua Caliente (14 miles). Con- 
tinue east along railroad. Opposite to railroad station the road is 
often not visible. Avoid road branching to left (north) to Jordon's 
ranch (11 miles) and keep along railroad track. The road from Senti- 
nel to Gila Bend is all fair to good mesa and desert road. 

7.9 Tartron. Water in emergencies at section house. Continue straight 

ahead (east) along railroad. Road south from Tartron goes to Rawley 
mines (about 14 miles). 
15.0 Piedra. Water in emergencies at section house. 

20.8 Box-car houses along railroad just south of this point. 

21.3 Turn northeast away from railroad along abandoned irrigation canal. 
22.5 Turn east, crossing small abandoned canal. 

23.9 Turn southeast, leaving canal. 

26.2 Smurr. Station house on railroad about 0.4 mile south of road. 



386 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

27.8 Road conies close to railroad. Continue east. 

29.1 Fork. Continue straight ahead, avoiding road forking to right across 

railroad. 
30.0 Gila Bend. 

GILA BEND TO VEKOL (46.3 MILES). 

[See p. 387 for log in opposite direction.] 

The road from Gila Bend to Vekol follows an old Indian trail, but its present 
form is largely due to the permanent supply of water obtained at Stouts Well. 
The road is rough and has many sharp curves and steep pitches. Only light 
and short automobiles in good condition can make the trip. 

0.0 Gila Bend. Geological Survey sign. Cross railroad tracks west of sta- 
tion and then old canal. 
0.3 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take road to southeast, fair road across 
alluvial plains. 

2.8 Fork. Take left-hand road ; has small board sign reading " To Stouts 
Well." Right-hand road is Gila Bend-Pozo Blanco road by way of 
Sauceda. (See p. 388.) 

13.0 Wire corral to left, hill to right on entering gap in the mountains. 
Follow up narrow valley between lava plateaus. 

13.4 Cross large arroyo, heavy sand. 

16.6 Halfway corral on left. Road hilly and rocky from this point. 

19.3 Dim trail goes north from this point to Mesquite Tank. (See pp. 391-392.) 

22.8 Sand Tanks. Rock tanks on left of and about 30 feet below the road 

in large arroyo. Good water except during very dry seasons or 
when tanks have been used for watering cattle. The road goes east 
through the gap. The traveler going east usually takes the right-hand 
road, which has a very heavy grade. It is, however, usually easier to 
make than the heavy sand of the arroyo on the left-hand road. 

25.6 Drift fence. Go through gate and leave open or closed as found. The 

road now descends in bed of dry stream for a little over a mile. It 
is very rough, and careful driving is necessary. 

28.2 Fork. Keep to right ; left-hand road avoids Stouts Well. 

29.3 Stouts Well. Good and permanent water in well. Usually someone 

will be found at the cattle ranch established at this well. Go east 
outside of fence and along arroyo. The road is very bad and often 
obliterated by cattle tracks. 

30.7 Reverse fork. This road conies directly from the gap, avoiding Stouts 

Well. 

31.9 Limestone hill on right. 

36.6 Dry well on right. 

38.3 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to right (south) on main north 

and south road in Vekol Valley. This is the Maricopa-Covered Wells 
road. (See p. 377.) 

38.4 Faint road to left. 

38.8 Cross arm of grassy flat. 

39.9 Faint road to left. 

40.4 Fork. Take road to left toward Vekol visible against hillside across the 
valley. The road straight ahead is the Maricopa-Covered Wells road 
and goes south to Totobit and Kaka. (See p. 377.) 

42.7 Fork. Keep to right. 



ARIZONA. 387 

43.1 Ruined house on right. 

45.3 Reverse fork. Road from Bitter Well comes in. 

46.3 Vekol. Abandoned mining town. Caretaker here part of time; when he 

is present water can be obtained. From Vekol a road goes to Bitter 
Well (2.5 miles) and thence to Reward mine. (See p. 375.) 

VEKOL TO GILA BEND (46.3 MILES). 
[See pp. 38G-387 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Vekol. Abandoned mining town. Caretaker here part of time; when he 
is present water can be obtained. From Vekol a road goes to Bitter 
Well. (Seep. 375.) 

1.0 Fork. Keep to left. Ricght-hand road around point of hill goes to Bitter 
Well. (Seep. 375.) 

3.2 Ruined house on left. 

3.6 Reverse fork. Go 'northwestward across grassy fiats of Vekol Valley. 
5.9 Reverse fork. Turn north on Maricopa-Covered Wells road. (See 

p. 377.) 

6.4 Faint road on right. 

7.5 Cross arm of grassy flat. 
7.9 Faint road on right. 

8.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left. Road north goes to Mari- 
copa. (See p. 377.) 

9.7 Dry well on left. 

14.4 Limestone hill on left. 

15.6 Fork. Keep to left over very had road, along arroyo. This road is 

often obliterated by cattle tracks. Road on right goes directly to 
pass, avoiding Stouts Well. 

17.0 Stouts Well. Good and permanent water in well. Usually someone 

will be found at the cattle ranch established at this well. Turn north 
from well. 

18.1 Reverse fork. Direct road comes in from fork at mile 15.6. Turn west 

up pass over very bad road in bed of dry stream. 

20.7 Drift fence. Go through gate and leave open or closed as found. Go 

down the west slope. Take right-hand turn and go down sandy bed 
of arroyo. This stretch of sand is about a mile long, but the left- 
hand road has an impossibly steep grade for westbound automobiles. 

23.5 Sand Tanks. Rock tanks on right of and about 30 feet below road in 

large arroyo. Good water except during very dry seasons or 

when tanks have been used for watering cattle. 
27.0 Dim trail goes north from this point to Mesquite Tank. (See p. 391.) 
29.7 Halfway corral on right. Road goes west in narrow valley between lava 

plateaus. Good except for a few sandy washes. 
32.9 Cross large arroyo ; heavy sand. 
33.3 Hill on left and wire corral on right. Turn to right (northwest) out of 

gap on desert road. 
43.5 Reverse fork. Small wooden sign. Gila Bend-Pozo Blanco road by way 

of Sauceda comes in on left. 
46.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Cross old canal and railroad 

tracks. 
46.3 Gila Bend. Geological Survey sign. 
157142°— 22 6 



388 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

GILA BEND TO POZO BLANCO BY WAY OF SATJCEDA (63.7 MILES). 

[See p. 389 for log in opposite direction.] 

This road leads from Gila Bend into the heart of the Indian country. It is 
a difficult but not an impossible route for automobiles. 

0.0 Gila Bend. Cross railroad tracks west of station and old canal. 

0.3 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take road to southwest. 

2.8 Fork. Take right-hand road and go south toward gap between Sand 
Tank and Sauceda mountains. Left-hand road goes to Stouts Well and 
Vekol and is marked by small wooden sign. (See p. 386.) 

24.0 Point of plateau on right. Cross arroyo and enter pass. 
26.3 Pass close under hill to right in narrow pass. 

28.1 Small springs on right of road and Papago houses. 

28.8 Sauceda. Winter rancheria ; well on right of road. Permanent water. 
This is one of the largest of the Papago settlements. From Sauceda 
roads go to Moivavi, winter rancheria and well, and direct to Kaka, 
summer rancheria. The location and character of these roads are not 
known. One can go to Kaka, however, by turning off the road here 
described at Emita, and from there get within 4 miles of Moivavi by 
automobile. (See p. 377.) To go to Perigua and Pozo Blanco, con- 
tinue southwest up valley from well at Sauceda through a pass. Top 
of pass is about 4£ miles from Sauceda, and on coming into Perigua 
Valley road makes a sharp bend to right (west) at base of hill. 

35.8 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right, which is impassable for auto- 
mobiles for 2 miles. 

36.3 Fork. Keep to left and go south in center of valley toward isolated hill 

at Perigua. This road and many others go to Toapit, summer ran- 
cheria ; no permanent water. As charcos and temporales shift year 
by year there are many roads. (See PI. XXVIII, B.) 
36.8 Emita. Summer rancheria ; no permanent water. Continue south on 
west side of temporal. 

40.5 Road Runner. Summer rancheria ; no permanent water. 

42.8 Perigua. Summer rancheria, houses on east side of isolated hill; no 
permanent water. Road to Pozo Blanco goes east between tem- 
porales toward conical peak. Numerous forks and crossroads. A road 
also goes southwest to a gap and thence to Pozo Redondo. (See p. 
409.) 

43.6 Cross adobe washes. Charcos near this point hold water for short time 

after rains. 
43.8 Fork. Take right-hand road; go southeast. The left-hand road goes 
east through pass 11 miles to junction with road from Maricopa to 
Covered Wells. (See p. 377.) 

44.4 Cross wash. 

46.1 Small hill on right, thence through adobe flat with mesquite trees into 

pass between lava-capped mesas. 

49.2 Top of low pass. Go down alluvial slope, soft and sandy, and thence 

southeast across Quijotoa Valley. 
51.2 Crossroads. Go straight ahead toward south end of Sierra Blanca. 
East-west road goes from Charco de la Piedra to Covered Wells. 
(Seep. 409.) 

56.7 Mowepa. Summer rancheria. Houses, represo, fields, no permanent 

water. Go south of represo and corral and north of church and 
turn southeast. Another road goes south from this point to other 
temporales. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 389 

62.2 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Go east into pass between Sierra 

Blanca and Quijotoa Mountains. Pozo Blanco route of Tucson-Yuma 

road comes in on right. (See p. 345.) 
63.1 Fork. Keep to right ; left-hand road goes to Black Prince mine and 

Brownell. 
63.7 Pozo Blanco. Winter rancheria ; well in the corrals on the left. 

POZO BLANCO TO GILA BEND BY WAY OF SAUCEDA (63.7 MILES). 

[See pp. 388-389 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Pozo Blanco. (For other roads from this place see pp. 345, 397.) Go 
west on Tucson-Yuma road. 

0.6 Reverse fork. 

1.5 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take right-hand road toward lava pla- 
teau northwest across Quijotoa Valley. 

7.0 Mowepa, summer rancheria. Houses, represo, fields; no permanent 
water. Go south of corral and represo and north of church, and turn 
northwest toward gap in plateau. 
12.5 Crossroads. Keep straight on, up alluvial slope, soft and sandy, into 
pass between low lava mesas. 

14.5 Top of pass. Go down into adobe flats with mesquite trees. Small hills 

on left, plateaus on right. 

17.6 Close under small hill on left. 

19.3 Cross wash. 

19.9 Reverse fork, under big conical peak ; turn across Perigua Valley to 
isolated hill. 

20.1 Cross adobe washes; charcos along these washes. Go south of wire 

fence and thence north to houses on side of hill. 
20.9 Perigua. Summer rancheria : no permanent water. Go north up valley. 
Road to Pozo Redondo and A jo goes southwest. (See p. 409.) 

23.2 Road Runner. Summer rancheria ; no permanent water. Continue 

north up valley. 
• 26.9 Emita. Summer rancheria ; no permanent water. Avoid roads on left, 
which go to Toapit, summer rancheria, and go north* up center of 
valley toward pass in mountains. 

27.4 Reverse fork. 

27.7 Fork. Turn to right, to northern base of hill, and then swing north 

through pass. Road on left impassable for automobiles. 
34.9 Sauceda. Winter rancheria ; well with permanent water. Go on down 
valley. 

35.6 Small springs on left of road. Go on down open valley and strike west 

of north across Gila Bend Plains. 
60.9 Reverse fork. Road from Vekol and Stouts Well comes in on right. 
63.4 Road junction. Geological Survey sign. Cross canal and railroad track. 

63.7 Gila Bend. 

GILA BEND TO AJ0 (42.3 MILES). 

[See p. 391 for log in opposite direction.] 

The road from Gila Bend to Ajo is a good desert road which has considerable 
traffic. Its present location dates only from the building of the Tucson, Cor- 
nelia & Gila Bend Railroad. Prior to that time a number of variations were 
used. The principal one of these is the Gaskill road. This road is now aban- 



390 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

doned and it is doubtful if it can be traveled over its full length. It goes north 
from Ajo on the east of No. 1 well and crosses a low and narrow part of Bato- 
mote Mountain. It then goes due north to a point east of Midway Well, where 
it swings west to Deadmans Gap and continues on the east side of the railroad, 
crossing the western part of the Sauceda Mountains about 1.5 miles east of 
Black Gap. Thence it crosses the Gila Bend Plains. This part of the road is 
badly washed and has many high centers. (For other roads from Gila Bend 
see pp. 375-376, 381-392.) 

0.0 Gila Bend. Post office, water, eating house, rooms, supplies, gasoline. 

Go south and cross railroad tracks west of station and old canal. 
0.3 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to right; for left-hand roads see 

pages 382, 386, 391. 
0.7 Fork. Keep to right across railroad tracks; left-hand road is Gaskill 

road. 
0.8 Cross railroad and turn southwest toward Black Gap. 
1.3 Reverse fork. 
2.1 Fork. Keep to left. Right-hand road goes to Stout's ranch and well. 

No other watering place for 31.5 miles. 
2.6 Turn west on south side of fence and cross Quilotosa Wash. 
3.1 End of fence. 
3.5 Cross wash. 
10.3 Small hill on right of road. 

15.1 Black Gap. 

15.8 Cross sandy wash. 

19.3 Cross railroad into Deadmans Gap. Just after crossing railroad Gaskill 

road comes in on left and 1.5 miles farther goes off again to left near a 
clump of small hills. In both places the road is so faint that some 
travelers may not notice it. 

23.2 Cross to west side of railroad. 

23.4 Midway Well on left near track. No equipment on this well, and travel- 

ers can not obtain water. 

28.1 Enter gap in Crater Mountains. This erosional valley looks much like 

a volcanic crater, and is usually called " The Crater." 

30.3 Out of gap into open valley. 

32.4 Reverse fork at railroad crossing. Geological Survey sign. Cross railroad 

to east side and enter gap. Two roads come from right at sign. The 
first one is abandoned, the other, which comes in parallel with track, 
goes to No. 3 Well and Sentinel. (See p. 338.) On east side of 
track a faint road goes to a temporal and connects with Gaskill road. 
33.6 Batamote Well. Geological Survey sign. Good water in dug wells on 
left. 

34.5 Cross railroad. 

39.4 Fork. Keep to left. Right-hand road goes to Gibson, a suburb of Ajo. 
It is very rough for automobiles. 

40.2 Cross railroad to east side. 

40.8 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road from No. 1 well comes in 
on left. 

41.2 Reverse fork. Abandoned Gaskill road comes in on left. 

42.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Cross railroad and turn to right 
into town. 

42.3 Ajo. Excellent water supply; hotels, stores, automobile supplies, re- 

pairs, gasoline, etc. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 391 

AJO TO GILA BEND (42.3 MILES). 

[See pp. 389-390 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Ajo. (For roads from Ajo see pp. 338, 341, 402-416.) From railroad sta- 
tion go south and turn to left across railroad track. 

0.3 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left (north). Right-hand road 
goes to Clarkstown, Gunsight ranch, and Tucson. (See p. 341.) 

1.1 Fork. Keep to left. Abandoned Gaskill road on left. 

1.5 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left. Right-hand road goes to 
No. 1 Well. 

2.1 Cross railroad to west side. 

2.9 Reverse fork. Rough road from Gibson, a suburb of Ajo, comes in on 
right. 

7.8 Cross railroad. 

8.7 Batamote Well. Geological Survey sign. Good water in two dug wells 
on right. No watering place for 31.5 miles. Go north through gap 
between Batamote and Childs mountains. 

9.9 Cross railroad. Double fork. Turn to right (north) toward gap in 

Crater Mountains. Middle road is abandoned. Left-hand road goes to 
No. 3 Well and Sentinel. (See p. 338.) On east side of tracks a 
faint road goes east to a temporal and joins Gaskill road. 

12.0 Enter gap in mountains. This erosional valley looks much like a vol- 

canic crater and is usually called " The Crater." 
14.2 Out of gap. 
18.9 Midway Well on right near track. No equipment on this well, and 

travelers can not obtain water. 

19.1 Cross to east of railroad and turn to left (north) into Deadmans Gap. 

The Gaskill road comes in on right south of the gap and leaves on 
north. In both places it is so faint that some travelers may not 
notice it. 

23.0 Cross railroad to west side. 

26.5 Cross sandy wash and go into Black Gap. 

27.2 Black Gap. Gila Bend visible to the north. 
32.0 Small hill on left of road. 

38.8 Cross wash. 

39.2 Turn on south side of fence and cross Quilotosa Wash. 

39.7 Turn to right f north) along fence. 

40.2 Reverse fork. Road ponies in across fields from Stout's ranch and well. 
41.0 Fork. Keep to right. 

41.5 Cross railroad to east side. 

41.6 Reverse fork. Gaskill road comes in. 

42.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Cross canal and railroad into 
town. 

42.3 Gila Bend. Post office, water, eating house, rooms, supplies, gasoline. 

GILA BEND TO MESaiJITE TANK. 

[See p. 392 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Gila Bend. Go south cross railroad and canal to fork. 
0.3 Double fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left (east) on Gila Bend- 
Phoenix road. 



392 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

1.0 Fork at railroad crossing. Turn to right (southeast) toward north end 

of small granite mountain. 
7.7 North end of small granite mountain. Turn south into valley. 
17.5 Double Butte lies west of road. 
17.9 Turn southwest and then south. 

20.2 Mesquite Tank. Small ranch. Well under low falls in bed of rocky 
arroyo. 

MESQUITE TANK TO GILA BEND. 

[See p. 391 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Mesquite Tank. Small ranch. Well under low falls in bed of rocky 

arroyo. Go north across arroyo. 
2.3 Turn north into valley on east side of Double Butte. 
2.7 Double Butte lies west of road. 

12.5 North end of small granite mountain. Turn west into Gila Bend Plains. 
19.2 Reverse fork at railroad crossing. Go west on south side of track. 
19.9 Double reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn north across canal 

and railroad. 
20.2 Gila Bend. Geological Survey sign. 

ROUTES IN THE BABOQUIVARI AND TECOLOTE VALLEYS. 

The Baboquivari Valley lies on the west side of the mountains of the same 
name and is bounded on the west by the Sierra de Moreno, Las Animas Hills, 
and Artesa Mountains. The northern boundary is the constriction between 
the South Comobabi and Baboquivari mountains. South of the Tucson- Yuma 
road by way of Indian Oasis, which crosses the northern part of the valley, 
the roads are the direct result of the habits of the Indians. None of them 
have been run with a speedometer, and they are mapped as shown on the 
excellent detail sheets of the United States Indian Service made by Herbert 
V. Clotts, Percy Jones, jr., and Roy A. Goodman. 

At the foot of or in the western canyons of Baboquivari Mountains are 14 
settlements or winter rancherias, of which the principal ones are San Juan, 
Chuapo, Ventana, Fresnal, Bears Wells, and Hendricks Well. Fresnal is a very 
large village about midway in the mountains. It lies in a canyon, and the 
houses are scattered for 4 miles up the canyon. This village seems to have been 
originally supplied by springs or perhaps a small stream but now depends on 18 
dug wells. • 

At an average distance of 6 miles from the mountains lie the summer 
rancherias Magdalena, Tucsoncito, Topahua, Komalik, Chulik, and San Miguel. 
Each has its near-by fields or temporales. There are also a few small and 
isolated temporales without names. San Miguel now has a permanent water 
supply because of the Indian Service well. The Indian Service wells at 
Topahua have no equipment. Thus for most of these localities water is obtained 
solely from represos and charcos. Some of these are large and hold water for 
several months in a year. 

Roads run from each winter rancheria to the temporales cultivated by that 
village, usually the nearest ones. An almost continuous road also runs along 
the line of summer rancherias from north to south and then at San Miguel 
swings southeast to Lopez Well and store and to Pozo Verde, a large winter 
rancheria in Mexico. 

The drainage of the Baboquivari Valley goes north of the Alvarez Mountains, 
and along Valshni Wash and Fresnal Wash, which carry this drainage, are 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 393 

numerous temporales. The corresponding summer rancherias are Vamori and 
Burro Pond, east of the Alvarez Mountains; Kavolik, north; Rocky Point, 
south ; and San Rafael, west. Vamori has a permanent water supply from 
the Indian Service well and pumping plant and is connected by roads with 
San Miguel (11 miles), Fresnal (14 miles), Topahua (7 miles), and Indian 
Oasis (14 miles). Burro Pond is 3 miles from Vamori and is connected with 
it and Topahua by a maze of roads. Kavolik is 8 miles northwest of Vamori. 
From this village it is 10 miles to Indian Oasis, 7 miles to Big Fields, and 
14 miles to Tonukvo. (See log on p. 396.) Rocky Point is 6 miles south- 
west of Vamori and 14 miles by direct road from San Miguel. San Rafael 
is 4 miles northwest of Rocky Point. It may also be reached from Vamori 
by going north of Alvarez Mountain 11 miles. 

West of Alvarez Mountains is a group of temporales and summer rancherias 
which center around Tecolote midway between the last-named mountains and 
the north end of the Sierra La Lesna. Tecolote is on the road from Casa 
Grande to Pozo San Luis. (See p. 371.) It is 16 miles from Indian Oasis. 
A road also runs from Tecolote around the north end of the Sierra La Lesna 
into Mexico. The other temporales are connected by a maze of roads with 
each other, with Tecolote, with two wells in the Sierra La Lesna, and with 
Kavolik, San Rafael, and Rocky Point. Roads from these temporales join 
the Casa Grande-San Luis road and thus provide for travel from these places 
to Cobota and San Luis in Sonora. 

ROADS NORTH AND SOUTH FROM INDIAN OASIS. 

Indian Oasis (Sells post office) was founded by Joseph Meneger, who dug 
the first well and who for many years conducted a store and trading post 
at this place. At first because of the store and now because of Government 
buildings and schools, this locality has long been a center for travel in the 
Papago country. The following paragraphs review the routes leading out of 
Indian Oasis : 

From the Geological Survey sign east of Meneger's store a road goes north 
1.4 miles across the arroyo and between fences to a fence corner and fork. 
The left fork goes west to Big Fields (for log see p. 344) ; the right fork goes 
northwestward about 4 miles toward some sharp red hills to a fork on the far 
side of an abandoned well. At this fork the left-hand road continues northwest 
9£ miles to Kvitatk, a summer rancheria on the Casa Grande-Pozo San Luis 
road. (See p. 371.) A number of crossroads lead from Big Fields to Nolic. 
The total distance from Indian Oasis to Kvitatk is 15 miles. The right-hand 
road at the fork by the abandoned well goes north 6 miles to Nolic, where there 
are three dug wells, and 7 miles to Santa Cruz, where there are three dug wells. 
Wickchoupai, where there is a dug well, is 1$ miles south of Santa Cruz. There 
are doubtless roads between these rancherias that are not shown on the map. 

The Golden Age mine is 4| miles north of Artesa Pond. From Indian Oasis 
go east from the Geological Survey sign 2 miles on Tucson-Yuma road (see p. 
336) and turn north on the east side of the pond. 

Roads lead south from Indian Oasis on both sides of Artesa Mountains. The 
western roads are reached by going west on the Tucson-Yuma road (see p. 
336) 1.5 miles to a double road fork with Geological Survey sign. The right- 
hand road going west is the Tucson-Yuma road. The middle road is the Indian 
Oasis-Menegers Dam road. (See p. 394.) The left-hand road forks almost 
immediately, the left fork going east to James Well, 4.7 miles from Indian 
Oasis, and continuing from James Well across the mountains to the eastern 



394 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

part of Topahua, 10 miles from Indian Oasis; the right fork continues along 
the west base of Artesa Mountains 4.6 miles to a crossroad. By keeping to the 
left the western temporales of Topahna are reached 9.5 miles from Indian 
Oasis, and by continuing south and avoiding crossroads Vamori is reached 14 
miles from Indian Oasis. 

On the east side of the Artesa Mountains two roads go southeast from 
Artesa Pond, 2 miles east of Indian Oasis on the Tucson- Yuma road. (See p. 
336.) Either road will do provided the traveler turns sharply south at the 
point of the mountains 2£ miles from Artesa Pond. A maze of roads intersect 
here. Select the best traveled and go southeast 6 miles to the eastern part of 
Topahua, where connections are made with the numerous roads of the Babo- 
quivari Valley. (Seep. 392.) 

MISCELLANEOUS ROUTES BETWEEN QUIJOTOA MOUNTAINS AND 

GUNSIGHT PASS. 

INDIAN OASIS TO MENEGEItS DAM (42.9 MILES). 

[See p. 395 for log in opposite direction.] 

To go from Indian Oasis to Menegers Dam follow the Tucson-Yuma route 
by the southern road to Big Fields for 10.4 miles to the represo south of Big 
Fields. (For log see p. 336.) 

0.0 Indian Oasis. 

10.4 Big Fields. Represo on left of road, usually dry. On west side of 

corral which is just west of represo turn southwest. Road for next 
4.4 miles was not run, and mileages are measured from map. 
12.3 Fork. Take right-hand road. 

13.3 Crossroads. Keep straight on. This is road from Iron Pipe to Teco- 

lote. (Seep. 371.) 
14.8 Crossroads. Keep straight on. This is road from Tonukvo to Kavolik. 
See p. 396.) 

15.5 Mesquite thicket. Mesquite in orchard-like groves along this road for 

several miles. 

23.4 Reverse fork. Road from Copeka comes in here. (See p. 395.) Rocky 

hill on right. 

24.6 Cross small sand dune. 

25.6 Fork. Keep to right past rocky hill smaller than the last and proceed 
over sandy plain. On south side of this hill is a charco which has 
water for a short period after rains. The road on left goes to 
Serventi Well (1.3 miles). It is impossible to obtain water from 
this well. 

33.4 Reverse fork. Road from Comovo comes in on right. (See p. 397.) 

33.8 Camote. Summer rancheria. There is a large, horseshoe-shaped represo 
400 feet across the base and inclosed in a brush fence. Behind the 
dam, and in the charco which it is intended to improve, water remains 
for several months after a rain. The locality is very sandy, and 
cattle obliterate wagon tracks. To go to Menegers Dam proceed north 
of the represo and slightly north of west over sandy plain. From 
Camote a road goes southeast to Susuta and thence to other points in 
Sonora, Mexico. Go on south side of corral passing boundary monu- 
ment 156 on the left over very sandy road. Susuta is a pond in the 
sand dunes about 500 feet wide, and is dry only in very dry years. 

35.0 Scattered mesquite trees. 



ARIZONA. 395 

39.4 Top of low divide between the Great Plain and La Quituni Valley. A 

charco called " Charco de Conejos " lies near this divide. From this 
point the road swings slightly to the north toward the west end of 
Nariz Mountains, through scattered, orchard-like groves of mesquite. 
42.9 Menegers Dam. Water collects in the borrow pit of this uncompleted 
dam for several months after a rain. (See p. 400.) 

MENEGERS DAM TO INDIAN OASIS (42.9 MILES). 

[See pp. 394-395 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Menegers Dam. Go slightly north of east, then east, through groves of 

scattered mesquite trees. 
2.5 Divide between La Quituni Valley and the Great Plain. A charco called 

" Charco de Conejos " lies near this divide. 
7.9 Leave scattered mesquites and go over sandy, treeless plain 
9.1 Camote. Summer rancheria. Pass charco and represo on right, houses on 

left, to corral. Water in the represo for several months after a 

rain. Very sandy, and roads usually obliterated by cattle tracks. Turn 

to left (northeast) at Corral. Road to south of corral goes to Susuta 

(2.5 miles). 
9.5 Fork. Take right-hand road; left-hand road leads to Comovo. (See 

p. 397.) 
17.3 Reverse fork on east side of little rocky hill ; charco on south side of hill 

which has water for a short time after rains. Road from right 

comes from Serventi Well (1.3 miles). No water. 

18.3 Cross small sand dune. 

19.5 Fork on east side of rocky hill. Keep to right. Mesquite in orchard- 

like groves along this road for several miles. Road to left goes north- 
east to Copeka. (See p. 395.) 

27.4 End of mesquite thickets. 

28.1 Crossroads. Keep straight on. This is road from Tonukvo to Kavolik. 
(Seep. 396.) 

29.6 Crossroads. Keep straight on. This is road from Iron Pipe to Tecolote. 

(See p. 371.) 
30.6 Reverse fork. 

32.5 Represo on south side of Big Fields. Turn east at corral and go be- 

tween represo and fences. (For details see log on p. 343.) 
42.9 Indian Oasis. 

COPEKA TO SERVENTI WELL (8.9 MILES). 
[See p. 396 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Copeka. (For other roads from Copeka see pp. 336, 343, 396.) Go west 
from hill on north side of represo, crossing adobe wash, and then go 
southwest toward gap between hill called " Chewetun " and main part 
of Copeka Mountains. An old road will be found which is badly 
washed but hard and easily traveled. 

3.3 Top of divide. Go down alluvial slope into adobe flats with salt bushes 
and some drifted sand. 

6.8 Rocky hill on right in mesquite-covered adobe flats. 

7.9 Reverse fork. Road from Indian Oasis comes in on left. For log see 

pages 394-395. 



396 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

8.1 Fork on east side of small rock hill. Turn to left. Road on right goes 
to Camote. (For log see p. 398.) There is a charco on the south side 
of this hill, which holds water for some time alter rains. 

8.9 Serventi Well. Small house and well with drilling rig on place. Usually 
impossible to obtain water, because no one lives here and there is no 
adequate apparatus. 

SERVENTI WELL TO COPEKA (8.9 MILES). 

TSee pp. 395-396 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Serventi Well. Go northeast to rocky hill. 
0.8 Reverse fork on east side of hill. Turn to right 

1.0 Fork. Turn to left and go through adobe flats to gap in Copeka Moun- 

tains. 

2.1 Rocky hill on left. 

5.6 Top of divide. Turn to right toward Copeka, easily visible after cross- 
ing the divide. 
8.9 Copeka. (For roads from Copeka see pp. 336, 343.) 

COPEKA TO KAVOLIK BY WAY OF TONUKVO (16.3 MILES). 

[See below for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Copeka. Summer rancheria. Represo and large pond, in which water 
will be found for several months after rain. (For other roads out 
of Copeka, see pp. 336, 343, 395.) From small sandy hill and corral go 
west and turn south on west side of pond and thence go southeast over 
good road, which is very muddy when wet. 

2.6 Tonukvo. Summer rancheria. Represo and large pond, in which water 

will be found for several months after rain. Turn on north side 
of represo and go south of east over good desert road. 

5.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on. This is road from Indian Oasis to 

Menegers Dam. (See p. 394.) 

7.8 Fork. Keep to right. Left-hand road goes to Big Fields. 

8.0 Crossroads. Continue southeast. This road is from Casa Grande to San 

Luis, Mexico. (See p. 371.) 
9.3 Temporal on right. 

13.7 North end of temporal. Turn to right (south) on east side of field. 

Reverse fork; here road comes in from Big Fields (6 miles). 
14.6 Crossroads. Continue on. This is road from Indian Oasis to Tecolote. 

15.8 Complex crossroads in outskirts of Kavolik. Turn to left to represo. 
16.3 Kavolik. Summer rancheria. Represo and large pond. 

KAVOLIK TO COPEKA BY WAY OF TONUKVO (16.3 MILES). 

[See above for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Kavolik. Summer rancheria. Represo and large pond. Go southwest 

from represo. 
0.5 Complex crossroads. Turn north. 
1.7 Crossroads. Continue north on east side of temporal. This is road from 

Indian Oasis to Tecolote. 
2.6 North end of temporal and fork. Take left-hand road around end of 

temporal and then go north of west. The right-hand road goes to 

Big Fields (6 miles). 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 397 

7.0 Temporal on left. 

8.3 Crossroads. Continue north of west. This is road from Casa Grande 

to San Luis, Mexico. (See p. 371.) 
8.5 Reverse fork. A road from Big Fields comes in. 

10.6 Crossroads. Continue straight on. This is road from Indian Oasis to 

Menegers Dam. (See p. 394.) 

13.7 Tonukvo. Turn on north side of represo and go north on west side of 

adobe flat. 
16.3 Copeka. Come in on west side of represo and turn to right to small 
sand hill and corral. (For roads out of this place, see pp. 336, 343, 395.) 

POZO BLANCO TO PISINEMO (11.1 MILES). 

[See below for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Pozo Blanco. From well at corrals go southwest between the scattered 
houses toward south side of big lava-covered hill. 

2.2 Southern point of hill. 

2.7 Cross big wash, then go southward along alluvial slope on west side of 

Quijotoa Mountains, crossing numerous washes, over fair plains road. 

4.3 Faint road on right. 

9.4 Faint road on left. 

9.5 Fork. Keep to right. 
10.6 Reverse fork. 

11.1 Pisinemo. Small represo on right. No permanent water. (For logs 
of roads from Pisinemo see pp. 337, 343, 348-349.) 

PISINEMO TO POZO BLANCO (11.1 MILES). 

[See above for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Pisinemo. Go northeastward, keeping small represo on left. 

0.5 Fork. Turn to right. 

0.6 Faint road on right. Turn eastward and then north, following along 

alluvial slope parallel to Quijotoa Mountains, crossing numerous 

washes, over fair plains road. 

6.8 Faint road on left. 

8.4 Cross big wash and go on east side of large lava-capped hill. 

8.9 East point of hill, thence between the scattered houses of Pozo Blanco to 

well. 
11.1 Pozo Blanco. (For logs of roads from Pozo Blanco see pp. 345-347, 
388-389.) 

C0M0V0 TO CAM0TE (14.6 MILES). 
[See p. 398 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Comovo. Go west from church and turn south on east side of corral into 
Comovo Valley on east side of Mesquite Mountains. 

1.5 Fork. Keep to left. 

1.8 Fork. Keep to left. These forks go to west side of fields. 

2.3 Go between fences. Houses of temporal of Comovo on right. 

2.7 Pass end of fence on left. 

4.1 Mesquite Charcos on left about 0.4 mile. These charcos extend along the 

arroyo for some distance and are likely to have water for one or two 
months after rains. A faint road branches off on right toward gap 
in Mesquite Mountains north of Mamatotk Mountain. 



398 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

9.0 Southerly point of Mesquite Mountains on right. Come into adobe flat, 

where road is likely to be obliterated after rains. A trail comes in on 
northwest from Mesquite Tank (6 miles). The so-called tank is 
probably a spring and the water is permanent. It is 3 by 3 by 7 
feet long and is in a cave in the face of a white cliff, near a very green 
mesquite tree easily visible from Camote. A horse can drink from the 
tank but must back out of the cave. Charcos are said to exist along 
the trail about 1£ miles from the point of the mountains. Near this 
point also a road is said to lead off on the right directly to Menegers 
Dam. 
12.1 The plain is covered with drifted sand from here to Camote. 

13.4 Reverse fork. Road from Indian Oasis comes in on left. (See p. 394.) 
14.3 Camote. Keep to right of corral and go west. 

14.6 Represo and charco of Camote. AVater here for 2 or 3 months after 
rain unless a great deal has been used by stock. (For road out of 
Camote see pp. 394-395.) 

CAMOTE TO C0M0V0 (14.6 MILES). 

[See p. 397 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Camote. From represo go east to corral. 
0.3 Corral. Turn northeast with corral on right. 

1.2 Fork. Take road on left; road on right goes to Indian Oasis. (See p. 
394.) 

2.5 End of sand ; road shortly runs into adobe flat where tracks are oblit- 

erted during rains. Go toward gap between Mesquite Mountain and 
hills on right. 

5.6 Southerly point of Mesquite Mountain on left. (See above for roads 

and trails from this point.) 

10.5 Mesquite Charcos on right (two-fifths of a mile). Faint road on right 

leads toward gap in Mesquite Mountain. 
11.9 Fence corner on right. Go north between fences of temporal of Comovo. 
12.3 End of fences, house on the left. Go north toward Comovo, visible from 

this point. 
12.8 Reverse fork. 
13.1 Reverse fork. 

14.6 Represo and charco of Camote. Water here for 2 or 3 months after 

CHARCO EN MEDIO TO CUB0 (7.5 MILES). 
[See p. 399 for log in opposite direction.] 

The road from Charco en Medio to Cubo is little used hut is easily traveled 
with all kinds of vehicles. The nearest permanent water is a well near a pros- 
pect 2 miles west of Charco en Medio. A little-traveled but passable road leads 
from Charco en Medio past this well to Walls Well. 7 miles. 

0.0 Charco en Medio. Go south between represo and corral toward pass in 
hills. Water in represo for only a short time after rains. 

1.4 Reverse fork; road comes in on right. 

2.1 Top of divide. Go down slope toward easterly point of Cubo Hills. 

4.2 Cross numerous washes for next quarter of a mile. 

6.1 Reverse fork. 

6.2 Reverse fork. 

7.5 Cubo. Pass corral on right to charco, which holds water only for short 

time after rains. At this point reach Cubo route of Tucson-Yuma 
road. ( See p. 348. ) 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 399 

CUBO TO CHARCO EN MEDIO (7.5 MILES). 
[See p. 398 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Cubo. Leave charco and go north on east side of corral and small field, 
keeping Cubo Hills on left. 

1.3 Fork. Keep to left. 

1.4 Fork. Keep to right. 

3.1 Cross numerous washes for next quarter of a mile, then enter granite 
hills and go up gentle grade. 

5.4 Top of divide. Go down slope into basin in Gunsight Hills. 

6.1 Fork. Turn to right. 

7.5 Charco en Medio. Represo on right, corral on left. Reach Tucson- 

Yuma road (p. 334) in front of houses. 

WALLS WELL TO MENEGERS DAM AND MEXICO. 

From Walls Well roads lead through the pass into the Barajita Valley and 
thence south along the east side of the Ajo Mountains to the Mexican border 
in the vicinity of Menegers Dam. 

WALLS WELL TO MENEGERS DAM BY WAY OF C0CHIB0 (27.2 MILES). 

[See p. 401 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Walls Well. Winter rancheria ; well; about 10 houses. Miller's ranch 

is a quarter of a mile west of the rancheria. He has two wells ; there 
is a greater supply of water and it is more sanitary. From Walls 
Well take right-hand road. 
1.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Come into Cubo route of Tucson- 
Yuma road (see p. 348) and follow it for 7.5 miles. 

1.2 Cross rocky gap. 

1.6 Faint road on right. This road leads to Barajita, winter rancheria, 

where there are two wells (6 miles). Keep to left along: eastern part 
of Barajita Valley for Cubo and Menegers Dam. Road on left goes 
to Cubo. (See p. 348.) 
7.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep on south. Road on left goes to Cubo. 

7.3 Rocky hillock on right; then cross wash. 

7.5 Crossroad. This is one of numerous roads from Cubo to Barajita, not 
shown on map. 

8.5 Fork. Keep straight on south. Road on right goes to Barajita (6 miles). 
9.3 Faint road on right. 

9.6 Charcos on left common for next mile. 

10.4 Corral on left and just south of it represo. This is new represo on site of 
old charco. Water probably lasts only a few days after rain. Faint 
roads go off in various directions near the represo. A trail said to be 
passable for wagons leads southwestward through a gap in Cubo Hills 
to Charco Colorado (6 miles). For Cochibo continue south with hills 
on left. 

11.1 Charcos on left. 

13.9 Fork. Keep to right. Road on left goes through gap in hills to Charco 
Colorado (2.8 miles). It is a good road for automobiles and, for 
persons not desiring to go by way of Cochibo, it is the best route to 
Menegers Dam from this point. 

14.1 Reverse fork of same road. 



400 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

14.3 Charco on right. 

14.5 Turn southwest onto gravel benches. 

16.4 Reverse fork. Turn to right up narrow canyon for water ; by keeping 

to the left 0.8 mile will be saved on total distance to Menegers Dam. 

16.5 Corral and Papago houses on right. 

16.8 Cochibo. Winter rancheria with two wells ; good water but should be 

boiled. (See PI. XXVI, A.) The principal Indian here is Jose Manuel, 
and the well is sometimes known by his name. A horse trail leads from 
this place to Sonoita, Sonora. Return down canyon. 

17.2 Fork. Same as mile 16.4. Turn to right, keeping along base of mountains 
toward gap at south end of Barajita Valley. 

21.0 Out of hills ; bear south toward gap between Nariz and Ajo mountains. 

24.4 La Quituni. Summer rancheria ; two houses ; usually no water here ex- 

cept immediately after rains, when charcos are full. Numerous roads ; 
keep temporal on right and bear to left to strike road from Charco 
Colorado, which lies east of drainage line. 

25.0 Reverse fork. Road from Charco Colorado comes in on left. 

26.7 Marin's represo ; out of repair and will not hold water. From a point 
near Marin's represo a road goes southwest over a pass in the Cerros 
de Angostura called " Garambullo " into the Santa Rosa Valley to, 
Santa Rosa, Sonora. 

27.2 Menegers Dam. The dam is an earthen embankment across a gap in the 
Cerros de Angostura, still in process of construction in 1917. In the bor- 
row pit water collects after rains and remains for several months. 
From this point roads lead south on the east side of the Nariz Moun- 
tains to Nariz, Sonora ; east to Camote and Indian Oasis (see p. 395), 
and northeast to Mesquite Charcos and Comovo. (See p. 398.) 

WALLS WELL TO MENEGERS DAM BY WAY OF CUB0 AND CHARCO 
COLORADO (27.2 MILES). 

[See pp. 401-402 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Walls Well. Follow same route as given in log of road by way of 

Cochibo. (Seep. 399.) 
7.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left into gap in the Cubo Hills 

and follow between iields to east end of gap., 
9.4 Cubo. Charco on right; water for only a short period after rains. 

Houses and corral on left. Continue east. Road to Charco en Medio 

goes north on east side of corral. (See p. 399.) 
9.9 Double fork. Geological Survey sign. Take right-hand road and turn 

south around point of hill; middle road goes to Comovo (see p. 350) ; 

left-hand road goes to Pisinemo (see p. 348). Go south in valley 

between Mesquite Mountains and Cubo Hills. The road from Cubo to 

Charco Colorado was not run, and distance is given as measured on 

map. 

17.9 Charco Colorado. Summer rancheria, two houses on little hillock, pass 

to the left of them. No permanent water. Road comes in on right 
from Barajita Valley; it is 2.9 miles to Walls Well-Cochibo road. 
(See p. 399.) 

18.2 Fork. Keep to right ; road to left goes to temporal. 

18.5 Temporal on left. 

19.3 Temporal on left. 

20.1 Charcos on right of road. 
22.3 Faint road on left. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 401 

24.3 Numerous crossroads and forks for next mile. Head toward right-hand 

notch in hills ahead and then turn to left toward left-hand notch. 

26.7 Marin's represo. (See p. 400.) 

27.2 Menegers Dam. (See p. 400.) 

MENEGERS DAM TO WALLS WELL BY WAY OF C0CHIB0 (27.2 MILES). 

[See pp. 399-400 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Menegers Dam. Go northwest along base of hills. 
0.5 Marin's represo. 

1.2 Numerous crossroads and forks in next mile. 

2.2 Fork. Turn to left to temporal ; right-hand road goes by way of Charco 
Colorado. 

2.8 La Quituni. Summer rancheria ; two houses ; usually no water here 

except immediately after rains. Numerous forks and crossroads.. 
Go north toward gap between Ajo Mountains and Cubo Hills. 
6.2 Enter gap ; keep along western side. 

10.0 Reverse fork. Turn left up narrow canyon. 

10.1 Corral and Papago houses on right. 

10.4 Cochibo. Winter rancheria with two wells ; good water but should be 

boiled. Return down canyon. 

10.8 Fork. Same as mile 10. Turn to left over gravel benches. 

12.7 Turn north along adobe flat. 

12.9 Charco on left. 

13.1 Fork. Keep to left ; road on right goes through gap to Charco Colorado 

(2.9 miles). 

13.3 Reverse fork of same road. 

16.8 Corral on left and just south of it represo. (See p. 399.) Charcos on 

right of road common for next mile. 

16.9 Faint road comes in on left. 

18.7 Fork. Keep straight on. Road on right goes to Barajita (6 miles). 

(Seep. 399.) 
19.7 Crossroad. This is one of numerous roads from Cubo to Barajita, not 

shown on map. 

20.2 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Avoid turn to right, which goes to Cubo 

(see p. 348), and go northwest toward north end of Ajo Mountains. 
25.6 Faint road comes in on left; this road comes from Barajita (6 miles). 
26.0 Cross rocky gap. 
26.2 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take left-hand roads; right-hand road 

goes to Gunsight ranch. (See p. 348.) 
27.2 Walls Well. Winter rancheria ; well and about 10 houses. Miller's 

ranch, a quarter of a mile west, has better water. 

MENEGERS DAM TO WALLS WELL BY WAY OF CHARCO COLORADO 

(27.2 MILES). 

[See pp. 400-401 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Menegers Dam. Go northwest along base of hills. 
0.5 Marin's represo. 

1.2 Numerous crossroads and forks in next mile. 

2.2 Fork. Turn to right toward gap between Mesquite Mountains and Cubo 
Hills. Left fork goes to temporal and summer rancheria of La Quituni. 

4.9 Faint road on right. 

7.1 Charcos on left of road. 



402 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

7.9 Temporal on right. 

8.7 Temporal on right. 

9.0 Reverse fork. Road on right comes from temporal. 

9.3 Charco Colorado. Summer rancheria ; two houses on little hillock. No 
permanent water. Pass to right of houses and go between Mesquite 
Mountains and Cubo Hills. Road from this point to mile 17.3 was not 
run, and distance is given as measured on map. From Charco Colo- 
rado, just south of houses, a road goes northwest through a gap in 
Cubo Hills 2.9 miles to road from Cochibo to Walls Well. It is proba- 
bly the best route from this point to Walls Well. 
37.3 Double reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left around point 
of hill into gap at Cubo. Comovo route (see p. 349) joins Cubo route 
(see p. 348) at this point, and the road described in this log is iden- 
tical with them. 
17.8 Cubo, charco on left ; water for only a short period after rains. 
Houses and corral on right. Go west through gap, with field on left, 
and then between fields. Road to Charco en Medio goes north on east 
side of corral. ( See p. 399. ) 
20.2 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign at west end of gap. The remainder 
of log is identical with that of road from Menegers Dam to Walls Well 
by way of Cochibo. (See p. 401.) 

ROUTES FROM AND NEAR AJO. 

AJO TO YTJMA BY THE CAJON0 DEL DIABLO (152.7 JOLES). 

[See pp. 406-408 for log in opposite direction.] 

This road goes from Ajo to Bates Well and then follows in a general way the 
route of the Camino del Diablo, the old route from Altar and Caborca in Sonora 
by way of Sonoita to California. The difficulties and dangers of this route are 
much less than in the early days, owing to the drilling of Papago Well and the 
digging of Tule Well. Travelers, however, should make careful inquiry as to 
the condition of the road, the presence of adequate equipment at Papago Well, 
and of water at Tinajas Altas. Travelers by automobile must be prepared to 
camp and make road repairs and should carry a liberal allowance of gasoline 
and oil. A shortage of either will entail a long walk, for neither can be pro- 
cured between Ajo and Wellton, a distance of 115 miles. 

0.0 Ajo. Go west from railroad station and turn southwest and then south. 
1.0 Go under railroad trestle. Fork. Take left-hand road, as right- 
hand road is likely to be bombarded with rocks when blasting is done 
in the open cuts of the New Cornelia mine, which lies to the right. 

1.2 Old Ajo. Most of the buildings of the old settlement were burned several 

years ago. 
1.6 Reverse fork. Alternate road comes in on right, also fork. Keep to 
right (south). Road on left goes over Reservoir Hill. 

2.3 Double fork. Keep straight on. Right-hand road goes to Cardigan 

(2.1 miles). Left-hand road to Darby Well (1.1 miles). 

2.4 Fork. Keep to right (south). Road goes left to Darby Well. 

2.6 Cement Tank. A rock tank lies 100 feet to right in the arroyo. It is 
improved with a concrete dam and holds water for several months 
after rain. The water is usually filthy and not fit to drink. Cross 
arroyo and go south. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 403 

3.7 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from Darby Well (1.4 miles). Go 

south with Black Mountain on left. 
5.3 Wood road on left. 

5.8 Wood road on left. 

7.1 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to right toward pass in Growler 
Mountains. Road on left goes to Sonoita, Sonora, Mexico. (See 
p. 410.) 

16.6 Bates Well. Geological Survey sign. This is the east well; the newer 

west well is three-tenths of a mile west and has better water. It is 
21 miles to next watering place and 52 miles to absolutely dependable 
water. From the Geological Survey sign go slightly north of west, 
keeping north of west well and wire fence over sandy road to rocky 
pass. (For other roads out of Bates Well see pp. 412-413.) 

17.7 Top of pass ; Yellow Jacket mine on left. 

17.9 Growler mine on left and house on right. Go west across Growler Val- 
ley toward north end of Agua Dulce Mountains over fair but little- 
traveled desert road. 

30.6 Fork at foot of ragged granite hills. Geological Survey sign. Keep to 
right. The left-hand road goes to Papago mine and Papago Well by 
way of Steel Tanks. It is about the same length as the right-hand road 
and some travelers prefer it. 

31.6 Go between granite hills. 

33.2 Go around point of hill. 

39.3 Papag;o Well. Geological Survey sign. Drilled well on north side of 

large arroyo, black hill just south. There was in 1920 a tripod and 
pulley erected over the well. Water was obtained by means of a steel 
cable drawn through a pulley and attached to a sand pump, the sand 
pump being lowered to water at a depth of 235 feet, filled through a 
valve at tbe bottom, and pulled out by attaching the cable to an auto- 
mobile. (See PI. XXVI, B.) A single horse or two men could pull 
out the sand pump when full, but it is doubtful if a man alone could 
obtain water. From the well a road goes east 1.5 miles to Papago 
mine, easily visible against the side of a small mountain, thence by way 
of Steel Tanks to the fork at mile 30.2. A road also goes north on the 
west side of Mohawk Mountains 52.5 miles to Mohawk. (See pp. 339, 
340.) No dependable water on this route. To follow the old Camino 
del Diablo go west. 
40.0 Cross arroyo which passes Papago Well; very deep sand. (See PI. XVI.) 
Go west just north of spur of mountains toward gap in O'Neills Hills. 

43.3 O'Neills Pass. Arroyo on right. Grave of Dave O'Neill on right of road, 

marked by pile of stones and wooden cross. Go west out of pass down 
alluvial slope toward Las Playas. Pinta Mountains north and scat- 
tered hills south. 

45.4 Fork. Go west. Left-hand road goes to Batamote and Las Positas, 

watering places on Sonoita River in Mexico. 
48.0 Las Playas. Hard-baked clay surface, with small mesquite bushes around 
border. During and after rains there is a .shallow lake here. If it 
drains at all it drains to Mexico. Water will be found for several 
weeks after rains in charcos along the southwestern border. All 
variations of the Camino del Diablo route passed through Las Playas 
and from this place the modern route is practically identical with the 
old one. 
157142*— 22 7 



404 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

49.4 End of playa. Start up sandy slope toward low mesa on west. This sandy 

slope is the most difficult part of the road for low-powered automobiles. 
From this point there is an old trail and road to Heart Tank in the 
Pinta Mountains. This distance is about 14 miles, and the road is im- 
passable for automobiles because of heavy drifted sand. 

49.7 Palo Verde Tree. A tree on left side of road with shelves fitted in the 

branches and with advertising: signs tacked on it. It is a well-known 
landmark. From this point to the top of the mesa the sand is very 
deep. 

50.6 Edge of Pinacate plain. Good mesa road for next 5.6 miles. 

56.2 Go down mesa over heavy drifted sand. 

57.0 End of sand. Go west toward gap in mountains ahead. Plains road 

soft and badly washed. 

59.3 Automobile tracks on right (north). These tracks were made by Tre- 

maine in 1916 when he succeeded in getting within 1.5 miles of Heart 
Tank by automobile. He went northeast 4.5 miles, passing three- 
quarters of a mile west of small volcanic cone, and then turned and 
followed center of valley for about 4 miles more. Thus he avoided the 
drifted sand along the southern end of Pinta Mountains. Heart Tank 
is located 4.5 miles north of very prominent geologic contact, plainly 
visible from the Camino del Diablo, which divides the blackish gneisses 
and schists of the south end of the mountains from the pinkish-white 
granite of the north end. Heart Tank consists of a pothole in a 
stream channel high up on the side of the mountain. At certain water 
levels the water surface has the conventional heart shape, hence the 
Spanish name Tinaja de Corazon. It is probably never dry, but moun- 
tain sheep sometimes drown in it and thus pollute the water. There is 
said to be another tank on the east side of Pinta Mountains, but its 
location is uncertain. 
64.3 Entrance to pass. 

66.5 Turn to right over hills ; very rough and rocky road. 

66.8 Turn to left downhill into open valley and then turn north. County 

signboard near this last turn. 

69.9 Tule Well, located just north of large arroyo among small rocky hills. 

There is a new well with a plank curb just south of old well, from 
which no water can be obtained. The ruins of an adobe house lie 100 
feet north. There is usually a bucket and rope at the new well, but 
travelers should carry their own, to provide against contingencies. The 
water is salty but not dangerous to the health. A road goes east 
from Tule Well about 3.5 miles to a prospect and there turns north- 
east and goes on the east side of the Cabeza Prieta Mountains, 
About half a mile from the prospect is a very deep arroyo which is 
extremely difficult for automobiles to cross. By this road it is 12 
miles from Tule Well to a wooden county sign which says, "9 miles 
to Tule Well." From this sign it is 9 miles to Cabeza Prieta Tanks, 
where water will be found except in very dry seasons. It is also 
about 14 miles from this sign to Heart Tank. (See p. 416.) The 
Camino del Diablo goes west from Tule Well over some low hills 
into an open valley. 

71.7 Avoid tracks on left which lead to prospect. 

72.1 County sign : " Tule Well 2 miles." 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 405 

72.6 Tracks on left. 

72.9 Tule Tank. Geological Survey sign at entrance to small cove in steep 
mountain on right of road. Tule Tank is 1,600 feet on left up narrow 
canyon. It consists of a rock basin about 6 feet in diameter at base 
of dry falls and is usually full of sand. Water is found in the sand 
for some time after rains. Not permanent. 

73.5 Reverse fork. Faint roads come in on left from narrow pass south of 

valley between lava-capped hills and very high peak. It is said that 
this road can be followed by automobile for 20 miles. 

74.3 Fork. Turn to left (west) out of narrow pass into small open valley and 

strike northwest toward pinkish-white conical peak and black-capped 

mountain. Road on right goes north in narrow pass. It is said to go 

to Cabeza Prieta Tanks. 
77.9 Turn west in pass betwen pinkish-white conical peak and lava plateaus 

on the south. Go down valley and then turn to right onto gravel bench. 
78.9 Gravel bench. Very large black boulders; road rough but hard. 

79.4 Go down off bench and strike west across Lechuguilla Desert. Road 

soft and in places badly washed. 
83.2 Fork. County signs. Take left-hand road ; right-hand road goes to Coyote 
Water (4.5 miles). Water can be obtained at this locality by digging 
in the sand of the arroyo about 4 feet. The water has an unpleasant 
taste, probably because of decaying roots. 

88.7 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left. It leads from points in Mexico 

near Papago Tanks. In about 2 miles it becomes very difficult for 
automobile travel. 
88.9 Reverse fork. County sign. Road comes in from Coyote Water (3.4 
miles). Travelers by automobile from Tinajas Altas to Coyote Water 
should stop on west side of axial arroyo of valley unless compelled to 
cross, as arroyo is 100 feet wide and has very deep sand. Water is 
found about 100 feet north of crossing. 

89.6 Tinajas Altas. Geological Survey sign. Water will be found in a 

series of tanks in a very steep stream channel or dry falls 500 feet 
west of sign. The lowest tank is commonly full of sand, and water 
will be found by digging in sand. The second and third tanks are 
best reached by turning to left (south), where a steel cable will be 
found, up which it is easy to climb the smooth rock face. The upper 
tanks are difficult to reach, and it can perhaps best be done by taking 
trail to right and climbing to " window " and then going down to canyon 
above the falls. The water lasts all year, but the lower tanks are 
sometimes exhausted by travelers. If so, climb to upper tanks and 
pour water down channel to fill lower ones. The water is palatable 
but there are usually dead bees in it. Occasionally mountain sheep 
slip and fall into the tanks and contaminate the water. Travelers 
will find road from Geological Survey sign up arroyo to tanks very 
difficult for automobiles, and are advised to camp on gravel bench 
west of sign. To go to Yuma proceed north from sign. 

90.2 Fork. Keep to right along west side of Lechuguilla Desert. Road to left 
goes through pass in mountains and follows west side of Gila Range to 
Fortuna mine and thence by way of Blaisdell to Yuma. It is about 
25 miles to Fortuna mine. The road is very difficult for automobiles. 

96.2 Reverse fork. County signs. Road comes in on right from Coyote Water 
(7 miles). 



406 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

96.7 Crossroad. Continue north. This road runs from Copper Mountain to 

Raven Butte Tank, a small tank with uncertain water in a canyon south- 
west of Raven Butte, ahout 3 miles from this crossroad. 
97.5 Fork. Take right-hand road toward gap in Wellton Hills. Left-hand 
road is an old road largely abandoned, which strikes railroad near 
Ligurta. 

100.2 Enter hills ; various faint roads go off to prospects in these hills. Keep 
on main traveled road. 

104.0 Out of hills. Wellton visible to north. Follow main traveled road by 
way of small house. 

115.7 Cross railroad track. 

115.8 Wellton. Geological Survey sign. Post office, water, hotel, garage, gaso- 

line. From Wellton take Tucson-Yuma road to Yuma. (See p. 339.) 
133.0 Dome. 
153.0 Yuma. 

YUMA TO AJO BY THE CAMINO DEL DIABLO. 

[See pp. 402-406 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Yuma. Follow Yuma-Tucson road. (See p. 340.) 

13.3 Blaisdell. From this station a road crosses railroad to Fortuna mine 
(see p. 416) and thence to Tinajas Altas. Road from Fortuna mine 
to Tinajas Altas is very difficult for automobiles. Turn north and 
follow macadam road., 

37.2 Wellton. Geological Survey sign. (See p. 402 for preparations neces- 

sary for .this trip.) Go south from post office. 

37.3 Cross railroad tracks and bear to right up slope with very deep drifted 

sand toward small house. 

48.0 Enter Wellton Hills; various faint roads go off to prospects in these 

hills. Keep south on main traveled road. 

53.1 Out of hills ; go south along west side of Lechuguilla Desert. 

55.5 Reverse fork. Old road, largely abandoned, comes in on right from Gila 

Valley near railroad station of Ligurta. 
56.3Crossroads. Continue south. Raven Butte Tank 3 miles west. (See 
above. ) 

56.8 Fork. County signs. Road to left goes to Coyote Water (7 miles). 

62.8 Reverse fork. Road from Blaisdell and Fortuna mine comes in on right. 

63.4 Tinajas Altas. Geological Survey sign. Permanent water in rock tanks. 

(See p. 405.) From Geological Survey sign go south to point of cove 
and then southeast. 
64.1 Fork. Take right-hand road across Lechuguilla Desert toward pass be- 
tween conical pinkish-white mountain and low dark plateaus. This 
conical mountain is just south of black-capped mountain. Left-hand 
road goes to Coyote W T ater (3.4 miles). (See p. 405.) 

66.0 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes south toward Papago Tanks in 

Mexico. It becomes very difficult for automobiles 2 miles south. 
69.8 Reverse fork. Road comes in from Coyote Water (4.5 miles). (See 
p. 405.) 

73.6 Go up gravel bench ; very large boulders ; road rough but hard. 

74.1 Go down oif bench and turn to left (east) to pass. 

75.1 Turn to right (southeast) in pass into little valley and go toward very 
narrow opening in granite hills. 

78.7 Reverse fork. Turn to right (south) in pass. Road on left is said to lead 

from Cabeza Prieta Tanks. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 407 

79.5 Fork, at turn out of narrow pass into open valley. Keep to left (east) 
along northern border of valley. Road on right goes south across 
valley to narrow pass between lava-capped hills and high peak. It is 
said that this road can be followed by automobiles for 20 miles. 

80.1 Tule Tank. Geological Survey sign. Water not permanent. (See 
p. 405.) 

80.4 Tracks on right. 

80.9 County sign, "Tule Well 2 miles." 

81.3 Avoid tracks on right going to prospect and go through small hills to 
another open valley. 

83.1 Tule Well. Permanent water. (For other roads from this well see 

p. 404.) Go south from well across arroyo. 

86.2 Turn to left near county signboard uphill and then to right .over very 

rough and rocky road. 

87.5 Turn to left (east) in narrow pass. 

88.7 Out ol pass. Go east across plain over soft plains road badly washed. 

93.7 Automobile tracks on left (north). (See p. 404.) 
96.0 Deep drifted sand to top of mesa. 

96.8 Edge of Pinacate plain. Good mesa road for next 5.6 miles. 
102.4 Go down from mesa through very deep drifted sand. 

103.3 Palo Verde Tree. A tree on right side of road with shelves fitted in the 

branches and with advertising signs tacked on it. Sandy road to 

pi ay a. 
103.6 Las Playas. Beginning of playa. (See p. 403.) 
105.0 End of playa. Go east up alluvial slope toward gap in O'Neills Hills, 

Pinta Mountains to north, scattered hills on right. 

107.6 Reverse fork. (See p. 403.) 

109.7 O'Neills Pass. Arroyo on left. Grave of Dave O'Neill on left of road, 

marked by pile of stones and wooden cross. Go east toward scattered 
hills at north end of Agua Dulce Mountains. 

113.0 Cross to north side of arroyo ; very deep sand. 

113.7 Papago Well. Geological Survey sign. Water permanent, but ap- 

paratus to obtain it may be missing. (See p. 403 and PL XXVI, B, 
for information. For alternate road and road to Mohawk see same 
page.) Go northeast. 

119.8 Turn to right around point of hill and go southeast. 

121.4 Between granite hills. 

122.4 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Alternate road comes in on right. 
(See p. 403.) Go east across plain over fair but little-traveled desert 
road to gap in Growler Mountains. 

135.1 Growler mine on right, house on left. Go over hill. 

135.3 Top of little pass: Yellow Jacket mine on right. Go southeast into 

valley. 

136.4 Bates Well. Geological Survey sign. This is east well; the newer well 

is three-tenths of a mile west and has the better water. From the sign 
go northeast through pass. 

145.9 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. 

147.2 Wood road comes in on right. 
147.7 Wood road comes in on right. 

149.3 Fork. Keep to left. Right-hand road goes to Darby Well (1.4 miles). 

150.4 Cement Tank. (See p. 402.) 

150.6 Reverse fork. Road on right leads from Darby Well (1.1 miles). 



408 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

150.7 Double reverse fork. Road on right eoines from Darby Well; road on 

left comes from Cardigan (2.1 miles). 
151.4 Fork. Keep to right, as alternate road on left is likely to be bombarded 
by rocks when blasting is done in open cuts of New Cornelia mine 
on left. Also reverse fork ; road from left goes over Reservoir Hill. 
Keep north toward railroad trestle. 

151.8 Old A jo. 

152.0 Go under railroad trestle and follow main traveled road into town. 
153.0 Ajo. 

AJO TO P0Z0 REDONDO AND PERIGUA (33.8 MILES). 

[See p. 409 for logs in opposite direction.] 

The roa.ds from Ajo to Pozo Redondo go through the gap between the Bata- 
mote and Pozo Redondo mountains. The plateaus of these ranges are sep- 
arated by a small circular mesa easily seen from Ajo. The roads join and go 
between this mesa and the Pozo Redondo Mountains — that is. through the 
southern passageway of what appears at a distance to be a double gap. The 
log is given by way of Childs ranch. The other road is of practically the 
same length and somewhat easier to travel. It starts near the rear of Sam 
Clark's house, just north of the main street at Clarkstown. 

0.0 Ajo. Follow Tucson road. (See p. 340.) 

0.3 Geological Survey sign. Turn to right. 

1.0 Clarkstown. 

2.1 Fork. Keep to left. 

2.4 Fork. Keep to left ; right-hand road goes to Gunsight ranch and 

Tucson. 
5.1 Childs ranch and slaughterhouse. Deep well and pumping plant ; 

good water. Turn to left and go north along arroyo. A road, little 

used, goes from this ranch directly south 2 miles to Gunsight road, 

and another southeast 7 miles to the same road. 
5.7 Fork. Turn sharply to right across arroyo with steep clay banks. Road 

straight ahead on west side of arroyo is seldom used and connects 

with abandoned Gaskill road. On crossing arroyo come into a maze 

of roads made by wood haulers. Head toward gap. 
8.4 Reverse fork. Well-marked road comes in on left. This road is direct 

route into Ajo. 
10.1 Drift fence in gap ; go through gate. Keep to right ; left-hand road goes 

3.4 miles to new well of Tom Childs. 
11.4 Rocky hill on right. Arroyo on left. 
12.8 Turn to right around rocky point and cross wash. Go south in Pozo 

Redondo Valley. 
15.6 Small rocky hill on right. 

16.4 Fork. Turn sharply right across large arroyo. 
16.6 Pozo Redondo. Winter rancheria. Old well; good water, which 

should be boiled. New well being dug a quarter of a mile north. 

From Pozo Redondo a little traveled but good road leads south 8 

miles to Gunsight ranch. Road to Perigua goes east; from Pozo 

Redondo; recross the arroyo to fork (mile 16.4). 
16.8 Fork. Go south between houses and turn southeast. Follow east border 

of Pozo Redondo Valley. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 409 

22.1 Charco de la Piedra. Road passes among some small outliers of mesa 

and loose boulders. In these is the charco, which does not hold water 
for more than a few weeks after rain. Turn northeast to cross 
rocky ridge. Other roads lead from Charco de la Piedra to Gunsight 
ranch (6 miles), to Charco en Medio (9 miles), and to Charco de la 
Lomita (5 miles). These roads are little used but are easily passable 
except in wet weather. From Charco de la Lomita a road strikes 
across Quijotoa Valley, crosses tip of Sierra Blanca, and goes down 
east side of mountain to Covered Wells, a distance of 27 miles. By 
way of Charco de la Piedra it is then 37 miles from Pozo Redondo to 
Covered Wells. 

23.3 Crest of ridge. Go down and cross little valley to gap. 

25.8 Crest of gap is an open adobe flat with mesquite trees. Small charco on 
the eastward-flowing drainage. 

29.4 Pork. Take right-hand road toward isolated hill In plain, avoiding many 

crossroads and forks. 
33.8 Perigua. Summer rancheria. Two houses and some shelters on east 
side of isolated hill ; no permanent water. Small charcos and fields 
on flat to east. (For roads through Perigua see pp. 377-380, 388-389.) 

PERIGUA TO POZO REDONDO AND AJO (33.8 MILES). 

[See pp. 408-409 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Perigua. Summer rancheria. No permanent water. Go south from 

houses on hillside with fences on left. 
0.7 Turn to right through maze of crossroads. Take best traveled road 

toward gap in mountains southwest. 
4.4 Reverse fork. 
8.0 Crest of gap in open adobe flat with mesquite trees. Small charco east 

of crest. Turn southwest into little valley and cross rocky ridge. 

10.5 Crest of ridge. Go downhill and turn northwest. 

11.7 Charco de la Piedra. Road passes among some small outliers of the 

mesa and loose boulders. In these is the charco, which does not hold 

water for more than a few weeks after rain. Turn northeast and 

go along border of Pozo Redondo Valley. (For other roads see above.) 

17.0 Reverse fork on far side of houses. Turn sharply to left and cross arroyo. 

17.2 Pozo Redondo. Permanent water in well. Return to fork and go 

north. (For road to Gunsight ranch see p. 408.) 
18.0 Small rocky hill on left. 

21.0 Cross wash and turn to right around rocky point into gap. 
22.4 Rocky 'hill on left, arroyo on right. 

22.0 Out of gap. Ajo visible across Valley of the Ajo. 

25.4 Fork. Take left-hand road ; right-hand road goes direct to Ajo; about the 
same distance ; generally in better condition, but no water. 

28.1 Cross arroyo; steep clay banks. 

28.2 Fork. Turn sharply to left toward Childs ranch. Well tower visible. 

Right-hand road goes north and connects with abandoned Gaskill road. 

28.8 Childs ranch. Turn to right at well. 

31.4 Reverse fork. Road from Tucson and Gunsight ranch comes in on left. 

(See pp. 334-338 for detailed log.) 

31.7 Reverse fork. 

32.8 Clarkstown. 

33.5 Geological Survey sign. Turn to left across railroad. 
33.8 Ajo. 



410 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

AJO TO SONOITA (42 MILES). 

[See p. 411 for log in opposite direction.] 

The common route to Sonoita at the present time branches from Ajo-Bates 
Well road 7 miles out of Ajo and goes south on west side of Black Mountain. An 
old road branches from the Ajo-Gunsight ranch road east of Black Mountain, 
but this road is now practically abandoned. 

0.0 Ajo. Go west from railroad station and turn southwest and then south. 

1.0 Go under railroad trestle. Fork. Take left-hand road, as right-hand road 

is likely to be bombarded with rocks when blasting is done in open cuts 
of New Cornelia mine, which lies on right. 

1.2 Old Ajo. Most buildings of old settlement were burned several years 

ago. 
1.6 Reverse fork. Alternate road comes in on right. Also fork. Keep to 
right (south). Road on left goes over Reservoir Hill. 

2.3 Double fork. Keep straight on. Right-hand road goes to Cardigan 

(2.1 miles), left-hand road to Darby Well (1.1 miles). 

2.4 Fork. Keep to right. Road on left goes to Darby Well. 

2.6 Cement tank. A rock tank 100 feet to right, in arroyo. It is improved 

with concrete dam and holds water for several months after rain. 
The water is usually filthy and not fit to drink. Cross arroyo and go 
south. 

3.7 Reverse fork. Road comes in from Darby Well (1.4 miles). Go south 

with Black Mountains on left. Locomotive Peaks on right. 
5.3 Wood road on left. 

5.8 Wood road on left. 

7.1 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left. Road on right goes to 

Bates AVell and Yuma. (See p. 402.) 

16.2 Crossroads. Geological Survey sign. Continue south; east-west road 

goes from Bates Well to Walls Well. (See p. 412.) Nearest water is 
Bates Well (5 miles). 

18.4 Cherioni Well on right, about 50 yards on south side of arroyo. This 

well is usually dry. 

21.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left. Right-hand road goes 1.7 

miles to second fork, whence left-hand road goes to Dripping Spring, 
a permanent spring under a white gap called Puerto Blanco. This 
spring is 5.5 miles from mile 21.0. The right-hand road is a rough and 
little-used route to Cipriano Well. (See p. 413.) 

25.1 Fork. Keep to left. Road to right crosses arroyo and goes to Milton, 

Levy, and Martinez camp (8 miles). 

27.3 Reverse fork. Enter pass in low hills. Road comes in on left which 

goes through Copper Mountain mine to Bates Well-Walls Well road, 
approximately 11 miles. 

29.5 Go through gate in drift fence. 

29.8 Top of pass. Go down alluvial slope into Sonoita Valley. 

33.1 Out of pass. 

36.7 Fork. Keep to left. Faint road on right. 

37.7 Blankenship AVell at international boundary. Well on right with 
good water, house on left; boundary monument 167 west of well. 
There is also a well on the Mexican side of the line. From Blanken- 
ship Well it is 2 miles in an air line to Sonoita, Sonora, Mexico. The 
distance by road is probably greater and is usually called 5 miles. 
This distance is used on the signboards. From Blankenship AVell 
there is an old road practically abandoned to the ruined smelter at 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 411 

Dowling and thence to Quitobaquito. A trail also goes northwest by 
way of Bullpasture, a small but permanent spring, across the Ajo 
Mountains to Cochibo. 
42.0 Sonoita. Wells, springs, and water in Sonoita River. At this town 
there is usually a commissioner and customs officer of the Mexican 
Government. During the recent civil war the town has been con- 
tinually occupied by troops of one or the other faction. 

SONOITA TO AJO (42 MILES). 

[See pp. 410-411 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Sonoita. It is 2 miles in an air line from Sonoita to Blankenship Well. 
The road is somewhat longer and is usually called 5 miles. This dis- 
tance is used on the signboards. 

4.3 Blankenship Well, on north side of gate at international boundary. 
Well on left with good water; house on right. Boundary monument 
167 west of well. There is also a well on the Mexican side of the line. 

5.3 Reverse fork. Go up alluvial slope to gap in hills. Faint road comes in on 
left. 

8.9 Beginning of pass in low hills. 
12.2 Top of pass. 

12.5 Go through gate in drift fence and down narrow valley between low- 

mesas. 

14.7 Fork at north end of pass. Keep to left ; right-hand road goes through 

Copper Mountain mine to Bates Well-Walls Well road (11 miles). 
16.9 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left across arroyo from Milton, Levy, 

and Martinez Camp (8 miles). 
21.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road comes in on left from 

Dripping Spring (5.5 miles). This road forks 1.7 miles out, and the 

right fork is a rough and little-used road to Cipriano Well. (See 

p. 413.) 

23.6 Cherioni Well on left about 50 yards, on south side of arroyo. This well 

is usually dry. 

25.8 Crossroads. Geological Survey sign. Continue north. East and west 

road goes from Bates Well to Walls Well. (See p. 412.) Nearest 
water Bates Well (5 miles). 

34.9 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road comes in on left from Bates 

Well and Yuma. 

36.2 Wood road on right. 

36.7 Wood road on right. 

38.3 Fork. Keep to left toward gap in hills. Road on right goes to Darby 

AVell (1.4 miles). 

39.4 Cement Tank. (See p. 402.) 

39.6 Reverse fork. Road on right comes from Darby Well. 

39.7 Double reverse fork. Right-hand road comes from Darby Well (1.1 

miles) : left-hand road comes from Cardigan (2.1 miles). 
40.4 Fork. Keep to right, as left-hand road is likely to be bombarded with 
rocks when blasting is done in open cuts of New Cornelia mine, which 
lies to left (west). A road goes east from this point over Reservoir 
Hill. 

40.8 Old Ajo. 

41.§ Reverse fork. Go under railroad trestle and follow main traveled road 

into Ajo. Alternate road comes in here. 
42.0 Ajo. 



412 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

WALLS WELL TO BATES WELL (17.4 MILES). 

[See below for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Walls Well. Winter rancheria of about nine houses. Dug well near 
corrals. Water 19 feet from surface; no bucket. Travelers will ob- 
tain more and better water at Miller's ranch. Drilled wells near by 
supplied part of water for Gunsight mine. One mile east is Tucson- 
Yuma road. (See p. 348.) Go west through gate. 

0.1 Miller's ranch. Two dug wells and windmill. From this ranch a road 
and trail go to Alamo Well, which has water most of the year and 
thence there is a trail to Horse Tanks ; uncertain water. Go west. 

1.1 From this point an old and almost obliterated road goes north to join the 
road from Jaques ranch to Lewis Well. 

5.0 Faint road on south goes to Copper Mountain mine and thence to 
Sonoita road. (See p. 410.) 

9.7 Crossroads. Continue west. This is old Sonoita road, which leaves the 

Gunsight road east of Black Mountain. (See p. 410.) 
12.4 Crossroads. Geological Survey sign. This is Ajo-Sonoita road, mile 16.2. 

Continue west into mesquite thicket. Road sometimes obliterated by 

cattle tracks. 
15.6 Faint road comes in on left near entrance to pass. By this road it is 

3.3 miles to Cherioni Well. 
17.4 Bates Well. Geological Survey sign. This is the east well. Better 

water will be obtained at the west well, 0.3 mile west. (For other 

roads from Bates Well see pp. 403, 407, and below.) 

BATES WELL TO WALLS WELL (17.4 MILES). 
[See above for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Bates Well. Geological Survey sign. The best water is at the west 
well, three-tenths of a mile west. Roads often obliterated by cattle 
tracks. Go southeast along north bank of arroyo into gap southeast of 
Bates Well. 

1.8 End of gap. Go east in mesquite thicket. Near this point a faint road 

goes off to Cherioni Well (3.3 miles). 
5.0 Crossroads. Geological Survey sign. Continue east. This is Ajo-Sonoita 

road, mile 16.2. 
7.7 Crossroads. Continue east. This is old Sonoita road, which leaves the 
Gunsight road east of Black Mountain. (See p. 410.) 
12.4 Faint road comes in on right (south) from Sonoita road through Copper 

Mountain mine. (See p. 410.) 
16.3 From this point an old and almost obliterated road goes north to join 
the road from Jaques ranch to Lewis Well. 

17.3 Miller's ranch. Two dug wells and windmill. Travelers will find 

more and better water here than at Walls Well. Go east through gate. 

17.4 Walls Well. Winter rancheria of about nine houses. Dug well near 

corrals, water 19 feet from surface ; no bucket. It is 1 mile from 
this well to the Tucson- Yuma road. (See p. 348.) 

BATES WELL TO auTTOBAQuTTO (19.8 MILES). 

[See p. 413 for log in opposite direction. J 

0.0 Bates Well. Geological Survey sign. This is the east well. More and 
better water will be found at the west well. (For other roads from 
Bates Well, see pp. 403, 407, and above.) 



ARIZONA. 413 

0.3 West well. Turn south across sandy arroyo and then southwest. 
0.4 Go through gate. 
0.8 Go through gate. 

2.4 Faint road on left (south). 

6.5 Powers Well on right; dry, no water. Go south into succession of nar- 

row valleys between low mesas. 

14.5 Reverse fork. Keep to left. Right-hand road goes out into Growler 

Valley toward Agua Dulce Mountains. 

14.6 Cipriano Well. Dug well ; slightly brackish water. In very dry seasons 

this well has little water. 

14.8 Uncompleted well on right. Go southeast to gap. 
15.5 Divide. 

15.9 End of gap. Go south along western border of La Abra Plain. Faint 

road on northeast comes in from Ajo-Sonoita road. (See p. 410.) 

19.0 Road on right goes over hill into Quitobaquito. It avoids going into 

Mexico but is badly washed. 

19.1 Aguajita. Water will usually be found in the arroyo here. 

19.3 Turn west around hills. Faint road goes southeast along boundary line. 

19.4 Boundary monument 172 on little hill to right. 

20.0 Quitobaquito. Several springs in little basin in granite hills at south 
end of Quitobaquito Hills. The springs, which have permanent flow 
of good water, are in the United States; the pond, field, and most of 
the houses are in Mexico. Since the revolution in Mexico the Papagos 
who formerly lived at Quitobaquito have moved away. 

QUITOBAQUITO TO BATES WELL (19.8 MILES). 

[See p. 412 for log in opposite direction.] 

0.0 Quitobaquito. Go southeast from houses on Mexican side of line. A 
road northeast through gap is wholly in American territory but is 
badly washed. 

0.4 Boundary monument 172 on little hill to left. 

0.5 Turn north. Faint road goes southeast along boundary line. 

0.7 Aguajita. Water will usually be found in the arroyo here. 

0.8 Road on left comes in from Quitobaquito. It is badly washed. 

3.9 Enter gap. Faint road on northeast comes in from Ajo-Sonoita road. 
(Seep. 410.) 

4.3 Divide. Go down into open small valley. 

5.0 Uncompleted well on left. 

5.2 Cipriano Well. Dug well ; slightly brackish water. In very dry seasons 

this well has little water. 

5.3 Fork. Keep to right through succession of narrow valleys between low 

mesas. Road on left goes to Growler Valley and toward the Agua 
Dulce Mountains. 

13.3 Powers Well on left; dry. Go northeast toward gap in hills. 

17.4 Faint road comes in on right. 
19.0 Go through gate. 

19.4 Go through gate. 

19.5 West well at Bates Well. Turn to right. 

19.8 Bates Well. Geological Survey sign. Well on right is the old well. 
More and better water will be obtained from the west well. 'For 
roads from Bates Well see pp. 403, 407, 412.) 



414 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

ROADS NEAR THE LITTLE AJO MOUNTAINS. 

Roads near the Little Ajo Mountains are shown on the map in some detail. 
The region has, however, been the site of almost continuous prospecting for 
many years. Consequently there are many old and abandoned roads, as pros- 
pecting develops a well-traveled road within a week, which in turn may be 
abandoned as quickly. An almost continuous road encircles the mountains, 
and many of the other roads may be considered as branches of it. Reverse log 
is not given. 

0.0 Ajo. Go north and west. 

0.6 Gibson. A suburb of Ajo. Several dug wells, hotel, and stores. 

0.7 Fork, outskirts of Gibson. Take left-hand road west and then northwest. 
Right-hand road joins Ajo-Gila Bend road at mile 2.9. It is a very 
rough road. 

2.5 Fork. Small wooden signboard. Left-hand road goes half a mile to fork. 
There is a small wooden signboard here also. Right-hand road goes half 
a mile to Cook & Landro Well, a dug well on west side of an 
arroyo in a little valley. This well has water throughout the year. 
Left-hand road goes 1 mile to Steele Well, a dug well said to have 
water throughout the year. Right-hand road at the fork (mile 2.5) 
goes northwest around north base of small hill at mile 3.6 and then 
west to gap at south end of Childs Mountain. 

5.7 Well. A dug well, 16 feet to water, permanent throughout the year. No 
equipment. Turn left across arroyo and go southwest and then south- 
east on road skirting mountains. 

8.9 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right from Tule Well. A dug well, with 
a windmill and near-by small rock tank. The water is permanent. 
Tule Well is seven-tenths of a mile distant. From this fork go east 
up arroyo into pass north of Ajo Peaks. This part of the road is prac- 
tically impassable for automobiles. 

12.2 Double reverse fork. Left-hand road comes in from Cardigan, a mine and 

well 0.3 mile distant. There is usually at least a caretaker and some- 
times a few miners on the property. Formerly a few Papago families 
lived here. Right-hand road comes in from McNeils AVell, half a 
mile distant. This well was dug as a prospect hole and is not a very 
reliable water supply. The same road is used to get to a number of 
prospects in the vicinity of Ajo Peaks. There is a sand tank in the 
arroyo about four-tenths of a mile southwest of this fork. The tank 
holds water for several months after rain. Go east. 

13.3 Wood road comes in on right. A horse trail to Bates Well also leaves 

at this place. 
13.7 Double reverse fork. Road on left from Cement Tank (see p. 402) and 

road on right from a prospect. 
14.0 Reverse fork on road from Bates Well and Sonoita into Ajo. (See 

pp. 402, 410. ) 
16.3 Ajo. 

MINOR ROADS WEST OF AJO. 

ROADS IN AND ADJACENT TO SAN CRISTOBAL VALLEY. 

The San Cristobal Valley lies between the Mohawk Mountains on the west 
and the Aztec Hills and Aguila Mountains on the east. In the valley and 
adjacent to it are a number of roads, and such information as is available 
concerning them is given in the following paragraphs. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 415 

From Stoval, a section house on the railroad 206.4 miles from Tucson and 
66.5 miles from Yuma on the Tucson- Yuma road, a road goes south 3.8 miles 
to Pimeria Well, a deep well, from which, however, travelers can not obtain 
water, because there is no apparatus. Then the road goes to Garcia Well, 
8 miles from Stoval, a dug well which has a windmill and a depth to water 
of 46.3 feet. The well had only 8 inches of water in 1917 but was being 
deepened. The water is brackish but potable. 

From Garcia Well the road continues straight south up the valley for 8.5 
miles, where it forks and a road on right leads to Whites Well — a dug 
well. From the fork the road continues south to Papago Well, going between 
the Granite and Mohawk mountains. The total distance from Stoval to Papago 
Well by this road is not less than 41 miles, but nothing is known as to the 
exact location or characteristics of this road, except that it is very little used 
and that water is found only at the places mentioned above. 

The ordinary route from the railroad to Papago Well goes south from Mo- 
hawk on the west side of the Mohawk Mountains. Mohawk is a station of 
the Southern Pacific Railroad 213.9 miles from Tucson and 59 miles from Yuma, 
on the Tucson-Yuma road. The road goes through a great deal of drifted 
sand south of Mohawk and is a difficult journey 52.5 miles long. There is no 
permanent water, but water is found at times in rock tanks in a cove on the 
west side of the Mohawk Mountains, 15 miles from Mohawk, at Glynns Falls. 
East of the Mohawk Mountains a road goes south through the Red Cross mine, 
5 miles from the railroad. This road connects with the Mohawk— Papago Well 
road through a pass in the mountains marked by three hills. North of this 
pass on the east side of the mountains is a rock tank in which water lasts for 
only a short time. On the south side of the pass is an old mine. 

The old Yager road from A jo to Yuma was used in freighting ore from the 
copper mines of Ajo to tidewater at Yuma in the years following the Civil 
War. There were probably several variations in route, but the principal road 
crossed San Cristobal Valley. From Garcia Well a dim track goes southeast 
toward the Aguila Mountains. As seen from this point the mountains consist 
of a northern part which is blackish in color, flat-topped, and slopes to the 
northeast, a central part which consists of a series of high jagged reddish 
peaks, and three isolated hills stringing off to the southwest. The road goes 
between the largest and most northerly of these hills and the jagged peaks and 
thence strikes across the plain for the north end of the Growler Mountains. 
From the pass in the Aguila Mountains roads lead on either side of the moun- 
tains to two sets of tanks, Eagle Tanks on the east side and Don Diego Tanks 
on the west side. Eagle Tanks is considered a reliable watering place. The 
Yager road has been traveled by at least two parties in automobiles in recent 
years. Both parties were composed of very experienced travelers and they 
report that the old road is virtually obliterated and marked only by a some- 
what taller and greener growth of creosote bushes. By way of Stoval and 
Garcia Well the route presents no difficulties which could not be overcome by 
a small amount of work and more traffic. This route may eventually supplant 
the Ajo-Yuma road by way of Sentinel. 

Eagle Tanks are commonly reached from Aztec, a station on the Southern 
Pacific Railroad. The road crosses the railroad track and goes southeast. 
About 1 mile from Aztec there is a fork and a road goes southwest through 
the Aztec Hills and then diagonally across San Cristobal Valley to join the 
road from Stoval to Papago Well, about 18 miles south of Stoval. This road 
has been used within the last two or three years and is a fair desert road. 



416 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

The left-hand road continues southwest, to join the Yager road near the southern 
end of the Aguila Mountains. At 16 miles from Aztec a trail leads off to the right 
to Eagle Tanks, which are about half a mile west of the road. These tanks 
are usually considered a reliable watering place, but they have been visited so 
seldom in the last few years that little information is available. E. L. Jones, 
jr., states that the tanks consist of seven potholes 5 to 6 feet deep and 4 to 5 
feet wide in a deep and narrow stream channel. 7 

WELLTON TO BAKER TANKS AND POINTS SOUTH. 

0.0 Wellton. Go east from post office and cross railroad east of station, 
then go south along west side of wire fence. Barand's house and well 
on left. 

0.4 Turn to left (east) at fence corner; sandy road 

0.7 Turn to right (south). 

1.2 Turn to left (east). 

1.4 Fork. Keep to left in a generally easterly direction over very poor 

road toward Baker Peaks. Road on right goes on west side of the 
Copper Mountains to various prospects. No permanent water. Trav- 
elers should consult local people in Wellton before using this road. 

8.0 Fork. Turn left to windmill. Road on right goes south on east side of 
Copper Mountains to various prospects and continues to Cabeza Prieta 
Tanks. Travelers should consult local people in Wellton before using 
this road. 

8.2 Baker Tanks. A number of tanks distributed in the bed of a deep and 
rocky arroyo for 1,000 feet northwest from the windmill. Water will 
be found here throughout the year. If much is used by stock, it may 
be necessary to dig in the sand near the windmill ; usually the potholes- 
70 feet west of the windmill have the best drinking water. 

BAKER TANKS TO WELLTON. 

0.0 Baker Tanks. Go west from windmill. 

0.2 Take right-hand road. (For road on left (south) see above.) 

6.8 Reverse fork. (For road on left (south) see above.) 

7.0 Turn to right (north). 

7.5 Turn to left (west). 

7.8 Turn to right (north) at fence corner, sandy road, Barand's house and 
well on right. Cross railroad and turn west on north side to Wellton 
post office. 

8.2 Wellton. 

BLAISDELL TO FORTUNA MINE (13.8 MILES). 

From Blaisdell, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad, a road runs 
south along the west side of the Gila Mountains to Fortuna mine. This road 
is kept in condition for automobile travel by the caretaker at Fortuna mine. 

0.0 Blaisdell. This place is 13.3 miles from Yuma on the Tucson- Yuma road. 
The nearest water is Imperial Well, three-quarters of a mile north- 
west over a sandy road. Go south through gate and cross railroad. 
Follow well-marked road over coarse gravelly benches. 

7 Personal communication. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 417 

13.8 Fortuna mine, in canyon on west front of mountains. The mine hoist 
and mill still stand ; most of the town is in ruins. Water is obtained 
from the mine shaft and from prospect holes which are used as cis- 
terns. Two are east up the canyon ; the third is four-tenths of a mile 
southwest. 

From Fortuna mine a road goes on the west side of the mountains 
and crosses through a pass to Tinajas Altas. The distance is about 
26 miles, but the road is very difficult for automobile travel. A road 
also goes northwest to Araby and thence to Yuma. It is so sandy that 
it is abandoned for the somewhat longer route by way of Blaisdell. 

INDEX TO WATERING PLACES. 

Abra ranch. — Plate XXV. A ranch three-quarters of a mile north of Tucson- 
Yuma road and 5 miles northeast of Robles ranch , now used simply as a 
stock-watering place. There is a deep well and pumping plant 

Adamsville. — See Clements ranch. 

Agua Cercada Spring. — Plate XXV. A spring on the west side of Cobre 
Ridge, 3^ miles southeast of Jarilla Spring. 

Agua de Arieta. — Plate XXV. A spring 2 miles northeast of Canoa ranch 
in T. 22 S., R. 9 E. 

Agua Dulce. — Plate XXIII. A watering place in Sonora, Mexico, 7 miles by a 
rough road west of Quitobaquito. Water is usually found flowing in the bed 
of Sonoita River and can always be obtained by digging. 

Aguajita. — Page 360 ; Plate XXV. Near Buenos Aires. 

Aguajita. — Page 413 ; Plate XXIII. Half a mile east of Quitobaquito. 

Agua la Vara. — Plate XXV. A spring and well, used for watering stock, li 
miles southwest of Alamo, from which it is reached by a trail. 

Agua Salada. — Plate XXIII. A watering place in Sonora, Mexico, 5 miles 
or perhaps only 3 miles southwest of Agua Dulce. Water is obtained by dig- 
ging in the sand of the channel of Sonoita River 

Agua Sardina. — Plate XXV. A small spring and north of it a dug well on the 
southwest slope of Sardina Mountain at the head of Agua Sardina Canyon, 5 
miles southeast of Papalote ranch. The seep and well will water 250 to 300 
head of cattle. 

Aguirre.— ^Plate XXV. A ranch and presumably a well 10 miles northeast of 
Santa Rosa ranch. 

Aguirre Lake.— Page 361 ; Plate XXV. 

Ajo.— Page 338 ; Plate XXIV. 

Ajo Mountains, tanks south of. — Plate XXIV. Rock tanks in an arroyo 
leading southwest in gently rolling rocky country 6£ miles northeast of 
Blankenship Well and 6 miles southeast of Horse Tanks. The tanks are sel- 
dom visited. 

Akchin. — Page 377 ; Plate XXIV. Three miles south of Maricopa. 

Akchin. — Plate XXIV. A summer rancheria 2 miles southeast of Santa Rosa. 
No permanent water. 

Alamo.— Page 335 ; Plate XXV. 

Alamo Well. — Plate XXIV. A dug well on the west side of the Ajo Mountains 
about 10 miles by trail from Miller's ranch. It is used by Mr. 'Miller as a 
stock-watering place. 

Aliso Spring. — Plate XXV. A stock-watering place on east slope of Sardina 
Mountain, 5 miles west of Tubac. This spring will water 300 to 450 head of 
cattle. 



418 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

Allison reservoir. — Plate XXV. A reservoir 2 miles southeast of Ventana 

impounded by a masonry dam. It was constructed to supply water for the 

Allison mine but is now used as a stock-watering place. 
Allison reservoir, well east of. — Plate XXV. Well is 13 feet deep and 

water is 8 feet from surface of ground. 
Amado.— Page 351 ; Plate XXV. 
Amadoville.— Page 365 ; Plate XXV. 
Ancient represo. — Plate XXV. A represo 4 miles southwest of Indian Oasis 

on road to Kavolik. It is unlikely that it has any value as a water supply 

for travelers. 
Androdas ranch. — Plate XXV. A ranch on Queen Creek in sec. 20, T. 2 S., 

R. 7 E. A well 113 feet deep is located here. 
Anegam.— Page 372 ; Plate XXIV. 
Angulo ranch. — Plate XXV. 
Anvil ranch.— Page 355 ; Plate XXV. 
Arivaca.— Page 358 ; Plate XXV. 
Arivaca ranch.— Page 358 ; Plate XXV. 
Arivaca ranch, well south of. — Plate XXV. Two wells used for watering 

stock along Arivaca Creek south of Arivaca ranch. 
Arizola.— Page 366; Plate XXV. 
Armenta ranch. — Page 371 ; Plate XXV. Five miles south of Chiu-Chusehu. 

There is a well at this ranch. 
Aros ranch. — Plate XXV. A ranch on east side of Baboquivari Mountains 6 

miles west of Buenos Aires; has a water supply consisting of a dug well 

and a tunnel in rock. 
Artesa.— Page 33G ; Plato XXV. 
Artesa Pond.— Page 336 ; Plate XXV. 

Atascosa Mountain, represo south of. — Page 359; Plate XXV. 
Atascosa Mountain, spring south of. — Page 359; Plate XXV. 
Austerlitz.— Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 
Avenenti ranch. — Plate XXV. This ranch is shown on the township plat. It 

is about 11 miles from Picacho by road and 15 miles from Florence. The 

kind of water supply is not known. 
Aztec— Page 339; Plate XXIII. 

B. & B. ranch.— Plate XXV. There is a well at this ranch. 
B. & B. ranch, well west of. — This well is shown on the township plat. 
Babokuk.— Page 335 ; Plate XXV. 
Baboquivari mine. — Page 355 ; Plate XXV. 
Baker Tanks.— Page 416 ; Plate XXIII. 
Barajita.— Page 399 ; Plate XXIV. 
Barajita Valley, charcos in. — Page 349 ; Plate XXIV. A number of charcos 

are located along the road from Walls Well to Cochibo. None are of any 

great value to travelers. 
Batamote. — Plate XXV. A locality at which it is presumed that water may be 

obtained. 
Batamote Mountains, tank in. — Plate XXIV. A rock tank on the northern 

border of the mountains southeast of a temporal, 2\ miles east of Geological 

Survey sign at railroad crossing north of Batamote Well. 
Batamote Well.— Also called Tenmile Well. Page 338 ; Plate XXIV. 
Bates Well.— Page 403 ; Plate XXIV. 



PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 419 

Bates Well trail charcos. — Plate XXIV. Charcos 5^ miles north of Bates 
Well, in an adobe flat between Growler Mountains and outlying hills. A 
horse trail from Old Ajo to Bates Well passes by them. They hold water for 
several weeks after rain. 

Bear Valley ranch. — Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 

Bears Wells. — Page 392; Plate XXV. There are two dug wells at this vil- 
lage. The west well is 20 feet deep and the east well 29 feet deep. 

Beebhak. — Plate XXV. This is a Papago ranche^fa on the west side of the 
Vaca Hills, 8 miles north of San Lorenzo. No information regarding its water 
supply is available. 

Beloat ranch. — Plate XXIV. A number of wells belonging to this ranch are 
used as stock-watering places in the valley between Sierra Estrella and Mari- 
copa Mountains. 

Big Fields, represos at. — Page 345 ; Plate XXIV. 

Bitter Well.— Page 375 ; Plate XXIV. 

Black Butte.— Page 337 ; Plate XXIV. 

Black Mountain charcos. — Plate XXIV. Charcos 1^ miles southeast of fork 
of Ajo- Yuma road and Ajo-Sonoita road. These charcos hold water for a 
short time after rains and are mostly used by wood haulers. 

Black Prince mine.— Page 346 ; Plate XXIV. 

Black Tanks.— Page 338 ; Plate XXIV. 

Blaisdell.— Page 339 ; Plate XXIII. 

Blankenship Well.— Page 410 ; Plate XXIV. 

Blue Water Tanks.— Page 366 ; Plate XXV. 

Bosque. —Page 382 ; Plate XXIV. 

Bowen's ranch. — Plate XXV. A ranch on Queen Creek 9 miles east of the 
station of that name. There is a well 212 feet deep and a represo. 

Brownell.— Page 346 ; Plate XXIV. 

Brown Well. — Page 355 ; Plate XXV. A stock-watering place of the La Osa 
Land & Cattle Co. 

Brush Corral charco.— Page 378 ; Plate XXIV. 

Buena Vista ranch. — Plate XXV. This ranch, on the east side of Baboquivari 
Mountains, 3 miles north of La Osa, has a dug well. 

Buenos Aires. — rage 356 ; Plate XXV. 

Bullpasture Spring. — Plate XXIV. West face of Ajo Mountains 3£ miles 
southeast of Horse Tanks. A small seep high up on the mountain, said to 
be permanent but seldom visited. It is reached by a horse trail up Canyon 
Diablo (PI. XXIV). 

Burro Pond. — Page 393; Plate XXV. A represo; a second represo lies 1£ 
miles east of Burro Pond. 

Burruel. — Plate XXV. A homestead in T, 14 S., R. 11 E., containing a re- 
preso. 

Cabeza Prieta Tanks.— Page 404 ; Plate XXIII. 

Calabasas. — Plate XXV. A small town at the junction of Santa Cruz River 
and Nogales Wash. Shallow w r ells are numerous in the vicinity. 

Camote.— Page 394 ; Plate XXIV. 

Canoa ranch.— Page 351 ; Plate XXV. This ranch is one of the oldest in the 
Santa Cruz Valley. 

Canoa ranch. — Plate XXV. A ranch located in T. 22 S., R. 9 E., less well 
known than a ranch of the same name in Santa Cruz Valley. There is a dug 
well. 

Cardigan.— Page 410 ; Plate XXIV. 

Cardigan, tank 1 mile southeast of. — Page 414 ; Plate XXIV. 
157142°— 22 8 



420 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

Casa Blanca. — Plate XXV. An Indian village on south bank of Gila River 

10 miles west of Sacaton. Wells and irrigation ditches are numerous in the 

vicinity. 
Casa Grande.— Page 366 ; Plate XXV . 
Casa Grande Ruins.— Page 365 ; Plate XXV. 
Casa Grande, wells near. — Plate XXV. Wells are numerous near Casa 

Grande, especially north and east of the town. Only a few of these are 

shown on the map. 
Casa Piedra. — Plate XXV. A stock-watering place supplied by a spring on the 

international boundary 5 miles south of Montana urine. The spring goes 

dry at times, but there is a well near the house which has water throughout 

the year. 
Casita Spring. — Plate XXV. A spring in Bear Valley 1J miles north of Bear 

Valley ranch. The spring is permanent and will water from 200 to 300 head 

of cattle. 
Catlett ranch. — Plate XXV. Ranch and well 1£ miles northwest of Moyza. 
Cement Tank.— Page 402 ; Plate XXIV. 
Cerro Colorado mine. — Page 357 ; Plate XXV. 
Chandler.— Page 362 ; Plate XXV. 

Charco Colorado, charcos near. — Page 400 ; Plate XXIV. 
Charco de Conejos.— Page 395 ; Plate XXIV. 
Charco de la Lomita.— Page 409 ; Plate XXIV. 
Charco de la Lomita, charco east of. — Plate XXIV. Small charco on main 

drainage channel of Quijotoa Valley, on road to Covered Wells. 
Charco de la Piedra.— Page 409 ; Plate XXIV. 
Charco en Medio.— Page 337 ; Plate XXIV. 
Charco en Medio, well west of. — Page 398 ; Plate XXIV. A dug well near 

a prospect hole in the hills 2 miles west of Charco en Medio and 4 miles 

east of the road between Gunsight ranch and Wall Well. The well has no 

equipment, and nothing is known as to its permanence. The water is good. 
Childs Mountain, well south of.— Page 414; Plate XXIV. 
Childs ranch.— Page 408 ; Plate XXIV. 
Chiu-Chuschu.— Page 371 ; Plate XXV. 
Chiu-Chuschu, tank west of. — Page 375; Plate XXV. This tank is on one 

of the alternate roads between Chiu-Chuschu and Cocklebur and 5 miles 

west of Chiu-Chuschu. No information is available as to its value as a 

watering place. 
Chuapo. — Page 392; Plate XXV. There are two dug wells at Chuapo about 

a mile apart ; the northerly one is 30 feet deep. 
Chulik.— Page 392 ; Plate XXV. 
Chulik, wells and springs east of. — Plate XXV. Five miles east of Chulik 

there are four wells and two springs and a large represo. 
Cienega Water. — Plate XXV. A spring half a mile south of the international 

boundary, 4 miles east of Casa Piedra. 
Cipriano Well.— Page 413; Plate XXIII. 
Clarkstown (Rowood post office).— Page 338; Plate XXIII. 
Clark Well.— Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 

Clements ranch. — Page 365 ; Plate XXV. Same as Adamsville. 
Cobabi.— Page 346 ; Plate XXV. 
Cobota.— Page 373 ; Plate XXIV. 
Cochibo.— Page 400 ; Plate XXIV. 
Cocklebur.— Page 375 ; Plate XXV. 
Cocklebur, well north of .—Page 375 ; Plate XXV. 



ARIZONA. 421 

Cocoraque ranch. — Plate XXV. A stock-watering place in T. 14 S., R. 10 E., 9 

miles northwest of Robles ranch. 
Coledon.— Page 382 ; Plate XXIV. 
Comobabi.— Page 346 ; Plate XXV. 
Comoro.- Page 349 ; Plate XXIV. 
Compartidero represo. — Page 345 ; Plate XXV. 
Conte ranch.— Page 358 ; Plate XXV. 
Contreras. — Plate XXV. A stock watering place on east side of Baboquivari 

Mountains in T. 18 S., R. 8 E. Character of water supply is not known. 
Cook & Landro Well.— Page 414 ; Plate XXIV. 
Copeka.— Page 336; Plate XXIV. 

Copeka, represo and charco north of. — Page 336 ; Plate XXIV. 
Copper Mountains, tank in. — Plate XXIII. A prospect hole that fills with 

water after rains. It lies well up in the mountains on the east slope near 

some prospects which are occasionally worked. The location on the map is 

approximate. 
Copperosity. — Page 375 ; Plate XXIV. 
Coronel.— Page 335 ; Plate XXV. 
Cottonwood ranch. — Plate XXV. A ranch and well about 2 miles south of 

Florence-Winkelman road. 
Covered Wells.— Page 346 ; Plate XXV. 
Covered Wells, west wells of .—Page 346 ; Plate XXV. 
Coyote.— Page 335 ; Plate XXV. 
Coyote Spring. — Plate XXV. A small seep high on the mountain east of the 

well at Coyote. 
Coyote Water.— Page 405 ; Plate XXIII. 
Cnbo.— Page 348 ; Plate XXIV. 

Cubo route, charcos on. — Page 348 ; Plate XXIV. 
Darby Well.— Page 402 ; Plate XXIV. 
Davis ranch.— Page 336 ; Plate XXV. 
Diablito Spring. — Plate XXV. A small spring on north slope of Diablito 

Mountain 5£ miles east of Moyza, which will water 100 to 150 head of 

cattle. 
Dobbs Butte, represo east of. — Plate XXV. A represo 1 mile south of the 

Tucson-Yuma road and 3 miles east of Dobbs Butte. It holds water for 

about one month after rains. 
Dobbs Well.— Page 335 ; Plate XXV. 
Dobson Well. — Plate XXV. A well on bank of Santa Cruz River 10 miles 

northwest of Rillito, in T. 11 S., R. 10 E. 
Don Diego Tanks.— Page 415 ; Plate XXIII. 
Dowling. — Plate XXIV. An abandoned smelter 1 mile west of Blankenship 

Well, from which it is reached by a rough road. There is a dug well here, 

with a limited amount of water. 
Drake's ranch. — Page 377; Plate XXIV. 
Dripping Spring.— Page 410 ; Plate XXIV. 

Durham ranch. — Page 361; Plate XXV. An American cattle ranch; pre- 
sumably water can be obtained at all times. 
Eagle Tanks.— Page 415 ; Plate XXIII. 
E. Garcia Well.— Page 360 ; Plate XXV. 
Eloy.— Page 336 ; Plate XXV. 
Emita, charcos near.— Page 388 ; Plate XXIV. 
Enid.— Page 375 ; Plate XXIV. 



422 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

Espinoso Well. — Page 355 ; Plate XXV. A well and ranch 2 miles north 

of Pozo Nuevo. 
Estrella.— Page 382 ; Plate XXIV. 
Figueroa ranch.— Page 360 ; Plate XXV. 
Florence.— Page 362 ; Plate XXV. 
Florence, wells near. — Plate XXV. Wells are numerous in and near the 

town and at the ranch houses in the bottom lands of Gila River. Some of 

these wells were noted along the road to Casa Grande (see p. 369) and Casa 

Grande Ruins (see p. 365) and are located on the map (PI. XXV). 
Foreman ranch. — Plate XXV. An American cattle ranch ; presumably water 

can be obtained at all times. 
Fortuna mine.— Page 416 ; Plate XXIII. 
Fresnal. — Page 392 ; Plate XXV. Eighteen dug wells are scattered for 4 miles 

along Fresnal Canyon in the west slope of the Baboquivari Mountains; not 

the same as Fresnal Canyon in the Tumacacori Mountains. 
Fresnal Canyon, spring in. — Plate XXV. This spring is 3 miles southeast of 

Canoa ranch, in T. 22 S., R. 9 E., in the Tumacacori Mountains. 
Fresno Spring. — Plate XXV. A spring on the east side of Puerto Torunos, 

5 miles west and south of Tumacacori Mission. 
Gap between Charco de la Piedra and Perigua, charco in. — Page 408; 

Plate XXIV. 
Garcia ranch.— Page 361 ; Plate XXV. 

Garcia Well.— Page 415 ; Plate XXIII. (See also E. Garcia Well.) 
Gibson.— Page 414 ; Plate XXIV. 
Gila Bend.— Page 381 ; Plate XXIV. 
Gila Crossing.— Page 381 ; Plate XXIV. 
Glynns Falls.— Page 415 ; Plate XXIII. 
Godfrey ranch. — Plate XXV. One of a number of ranches in Santa Cruz 

Valley south of Tucson and west of Tucson & Nogales (Southern Pacific) 

Railroad. All have wells. 
Golden Age mine, well near. — Plate XXV. The well and mine are reached 

from Artesa Pond by a road 4 miles long. 
Gold Mine Mountain, ranch north of. — Plate XXV. A ranch in sec. 34, 

T. 2 S., R. 7 E. ; has a well and windmill. 
Grapevine Spring. — Plate XXV. A spring on the east side of Cobre Ridge 

1^ miles west of Oro Blanco. The spring is permanent and sufficient for 

250 head of cattle. 
Green's canal and reservoir. — Plate XXV. This system was built to divert 

flood water from Santa Cruz River and store the water for irrigation. It 

is not a dependable water supply for travelers. 
Gunsight ranch.— Page 337 ; Plate XXIV. 
Gunsight read charcos. — Plate XXIV. Charcos 4 miles south of Childs 

ranch and about a mile south of the Tucson-Yuma road. They hold water for 

short periods after rains and are used largely by loose stock and wood haulers. 
Hardimui.— Page 337 ; Plate XXIV. 
Harrington's ranch. — Plate XXV. A ranch on Queen Creek, in sec. 24, 

T. 2 S., R. 7 E. There is a well 140 feet deep. 
Hat Mountain, tanks near. — Plate XXIV. Small rock tanks are reported 

along the southwestern border of the Sauceda Mountains northwest of Hat 

Mountain. They were used during the building of the Gaskill road. Their 

exact location could not be learned and they are not shown on the map. 
Haynes Well. — Plate XXV. Caved and abandoned. 
Heart Tank.— Page 404 ; Plate XXIII. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA 423 

Heaton. — Page 375 ; Plate XXIV. No water. 

Hendricks Wells. — Plate XXV. Four dug wells 3 miles south of San Miguel 

Wells. 
Horseshoe (Quijotoa post office). — Page 346; Plate XXIV. 
Horse Tanks. — Plate XXIV. Tanks 4 miles south of Alamo Well in an 

arroyo flowing north. Stock are likely to consume the water within a short 

time after rains. 
Imperials Well.— Page 339 ; Plate XXIII. 
Indian Oasis (Sells post office).— Page 336; Plate XXV. 
Indian Well. — Plate XXV. Well 2 miles east of the State Highway between 

Florence and Phoenix, 140 feet deep. 
Iron Pipe.— Page 372 ; Plate XXIV. 
Isabella mine. — Page 371 ; Plate XXIV. 
Isabella mine, well 2 miles north of. — Plate XXIV. On road from Cop- 

perosity to Isabella mine. No information about this well is available. 
Jackrabbit.— Page 371 ; Plate XXV. 
Jalisco ranch. — Plate XXV. This ranch, 6 miles east of Arivaca, in T. 21 S., 

R. 11 E., has a dug well equipped with a horse pump. 
Jaques ranch.— Page 337 ; Plate XXIV. 
Jarilla Spring.— Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 
Jaynes.— Page 366 ; Plate XXV. 
Jenkins.— Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 
Jeowic. — Plate XXV. A summer rancherfa with fields and small represo 

about half a mile north of the Tucson-Yuma road and 2 miles west of Fresnal 

ranch. 
Juan Encinas. — Plate XXV. This seep, 3 miles east of Tres Bellotas, has 

water only in wet seasons, at which times it will supply 60 head of cattle.' 
Kaka, charco 6 miles west of. — Plate XXIV. On road to Perigua. 
Kaka, charcos near. — Plate XXIV. 
Kavolik.— Page 396; Plate XXIV. 
King Well.— Page 355; Plate XXV. 
Komalik.— Page 392 ; Plate XXV. 
Komatke.— Page 381 ; Plate XXIV. 
Ko-opke.— Page 371 ; Plate XXV. 
Kukomalik.— Page 371 ; Plate XXV. 
Kvitatk.— Page 372 ; Plate XXIV. 
La Alina. — Plate XXV. A dug well and stock-watering place in the cove 

between the Coyote and Quinlan mountains in T. 17 S., R. 8 E. 
La Lesna Mountains, wells in. — Plate XXIV. Two dug wells in a narrow 

valley between a subsidiary ridge and the main ridge of the mountains. The 

north well is 150 feet deep and 50 feet to water, and the south well is 32 feet. 

deep and 4 feet to water. 
La Osa.— Page 356 ; Plate XXV. 
La Quituni.— Page 400 ; Plate XXIV. 
Las Jarillas Well. — Plate XXV. A stock-watering place half a mile south 

of San Luis ranch in T. 21 S., R. 9 E. There is a dug well and windmill. 
Las Moras.— Page 356 ; Plate XXV. 
Leon ranch. — Plate XXV. A stock- watering place on east side of Baboquivari 

Mountains, 9 miles west of Palo Alto, in Tps. 17 and 18 S., R. 8 E. There is 

a represo. 
Leon ranch, spring northwest of. — Plate XXV. A spring on east side of 

Baboquivari Mountains, 1J miles northwest of Leon ranch, in T. 17 S., R. 8 E. 
Lewis Well.— Page 337 ; Plate XXIV. 



424 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

Ligurta. — Plate XXIII. Siding on Southern Pacific Railroad, 10 miles west 

of Wellton. The section house is off the road, but in emergencies water can 

be obtained from cistern. 
Lirim.— Plate XXV. 
Loekas ranch.— Page 367 ; Plate XXV. 
Lopez ranch. — Page 361 ; Plate XXV. 
Lopez Well. — Plate XXV. A well and store just north of the international 

boundary, 9* miles southeast of San Miguel. 
Madrill ranch.— Plate XXV. 
Magdalena.— Page 392 ; Plate XXV. 
Maricopa. — Page 375 ; Plate XXIV. 

Maricopa-Covered Wells road, sand tank on. — Page 377 ; Plate XXIV. 
Maricopa Wells. — Plate XXIV. A locality near the Santa Cruz Cienega, 

where there is water close to the surface. Shallow wells were here when the 

place was used by early travelers as a watering place. 
Marin's represo. — Page 400 ; Plate XXIV. Dam destroyed ; no water. 
Martinez ranch.— Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 
McNeils Well.— Page 414 ; Plate XXIV. 
Meneger ranch. — Page 361 ; Plate XXV. 
Menegers Dam.— Page 400 ; Plate XXIV. 
Mesa.— Page 362 ; Plate XXV. 
Mesquite Charcos. — Two miles of • temporal of Comovo. Page 397; 

Plate XXIV. 
Mesquite Tank.— Page 391; Plate XXIV. Twenty miles, southeast of Gila 

Bend. 
Mesquite Tank. — Page 398 ; Plate XXIV. On southwest side of Mesquite 

Mountains 6 miles from Camote-Comovo road. 
Midway Well.— Page 390; Plate XXIV. 
Miller ranch.— Page 412 ; Plate XXIV. 
Mineral Hill.— Page 353 ; Plate XXV. 

Mirandon Well. — Plate XXV. In Altar Valley 1 mile south of Lopez ranch. 
Mirandon Well, well south of. — Plate XXV. A dug well a mile south of 

Mirandon Well. 
Mobile.-^Page 382 ; Plate XXIV. 
Mohawk.— Page 339 ; Plate XXIII. 
Moivavi.— Page 388 ; Plate XXIV. 
Montana mine.— Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 
Moreno ranch.— Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 
Mowepa.— Page 388 ; Plate XXIV. 
Moyza.— Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 
Murray & Lopez Well.— Page 378 ; Plate XXIV. 
Naviska.— Page 366 ; Plate XXV. 
Nelson Well. — Plate XXV. A well 1^ miles south of Santa Cruz River and 7 

miles west of Rillito in T. 11 S., R. 10 E. 
No. 1 Well.— Page 338; Plate XXIV. 
No. 3 Well.— Page 338 ; Plate XXIV. 
Nogales.— Page 352 ; Plate XXV. 
Nogales, spring west of. — Plate XXV. This spring is 5£ miles west of 

Nogales, as shown on map of Mexican Boundary Survey. No other in- 
formation is available. 
Noipokam. — Plate XXIV. Winter rancheria and dug well 3 miles north of 

Brownell on road from Quajote to Brownell. 
Nolic— Page 372 ; Plate XXV. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 425 

Northline Trading Post. — Plate XXV. A store and well on boundary of 

Gila River Reservation in sec. 34, T. 2 S., R. 5 E. It is li miles west of 

Casa Grande-Phoenix road by way of Sacaton (p. 368). 
Nunez.— Page 368 ; Plate XXV. 
Oceanic mine. — Plate XXV. This mine is If miles east of San Luis ranch 

and has a water supply derived bv pumping from San Luis Canyon. 
Old Qui jotoa Well.— Page 372 ; Plate XXIV. 
Oro Blanco.— Page 359 ; Plate XXV; 
Otero ranch. — Plate XXV. A stock-watering place on east side of Baboqui- 

vari Mountains in T. 18 S., R. 8 E. There is a well and represo. 
Pacheco Well. — Plate XXV. A well on south bank of Santa Cruz River 3 

miles west of Rillito, in T. 12 S., R. 11 E. 
Palo Alto.— Page 355 ; Plate XXV. 
Palo Verde ranch. — Plate XXV. An American cattle ranch ; presumably wate v 

can be obtained at all times. 
Papago Well.— Page 403 ; Plate XXIII. 
Papalote Well.— Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 
Partridge.— Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 
Peak Water tunnel. — Plate XXV. A stock-watering place of the La Osa 

Land & Cattle Co., which consists of a tunnel driven in rock. It is on the 

east side of Baboquivari Peak 1 * miles north of Schaefer Well. 
Peblo Well.— Page 375 ; Plate XXIV. 
Pembroke.— Page 339; Plate XXIII. 
Pena Blanca Canyon, springs at head of south fork. — Plate XXV. These 

springs are shown on map of Mexican Boundary Survey. No other informa- 
tion is available. 
Perigua.— Page 388 ; Plate XXIV. 
Phoenix.— Page 361 ; Plate XXIV. 
Picacho.— Page 366 ; Plate XXV. 
Piedra.— Page 385 ; Plate XXIV. 
Pima village. — Plate XXIV. An Indian village soutb of Gila Crossing. The 

canal usually contains water, and there are some shallow wells. 
Pimeria Well.— Page 415 ; Plate XXIII. 
Pisinemo.— Page 337 ; Plate XXIV. 

Powers Well.— Page 413 ; Plate XXIII. A dry well dug 135 feet deep. 
Pozo Blanco.— Page 345 ; Plate XXIV. 
Pozo Blanco, represo northwest of. — Plate XXIV. This represo is the water 

supply for a summer rancheria and temporales. It is not large, but how long 

water remains here after rains is not known. 
Pozo Blanco, represo 7 miles southwest of. — Plate XXIV. A represo located 

at a temporal in Quijotoa Valley 4 miles south of an abandoned temporal on 

Pozo Blanco route. There is no information as to how long water remains in 

represo after rains. 
Pozo Blanco, well north of.— Page 346; Plate XXIV. On road to Brownell 

and Black Prince mine. 
Pozo Colorado. — Plate XXV. A winter rancheria and well in North Como- 

babi Mountains 4 miles northwest of Comobabi. 
Pozo de Luis.— Page 373 ; Plate XXIV. 
Pozo Nuevo.— Page 355 ; Plate XXV. 
Pozo Redondo.— Page 408 ; Plate XXIV. 
Pozo Verde. — Page 392; Plate XXV. A winter rancheria 2 miles south of 

the international boundary, containing a well and rock tanks. 



426 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

Pozo Verde, well northeast of. — Plate XXV. 

P. Robles Well. — Plate XXV. This well is 4 miles northwest of Cocoraque 

ranch, but nothing else is known of it. 
Puerto Spring. — Plate XXV. A spring on the east slope of Diablito Mountain 

6 miles southeast of Moyza. 
Punta de Agua. — Plate XXV. From this point east to Arivaca there is water- 
in bed of Arivaca Creek throughout year. 
Pusch's ranch. — Page 367 ; Plate XXV. 
Quajote.— Page 371 ; Plate XXIV. 
Quitobaquito.— Page 413 ; Plate XXIII. 
Ranger station. — Page 351 ; Plate XXV. 
Raven Butte Tank.— Page 406 ; Plate XXIII. 
Rawhide Well.— Plate XXV. This well is 4£ miles southwest of Salina 

Williams represo and 8 miles south of Vamori. It is 80 feet deep. 
Red Rock.— Page 366 ; Plate XXV. 
Redondo Well. — Plate XXV. A stock-watering place used by Anvil ranch on 

east side of Baboquivari Mountains in T. 18 S., R. 8 E. 
Reventon ranch. — Page 351 ; Plate XXV. 
Reward mine.— Page 371 ; Plate XXIV. 
Reynolds Well.— Page 339 ; Plate XXIII. 
Rillito.— Page 366 ; Plate XXV. 
Ripsey ranch. — Plate XXV. This ranch usually called D Bar H ranch, is on 

Florenee-Winkleman road and has a dug well and windmill. 
Road Runner.— Page 388 ; Plate XXIV. 
Roadside mine. — Page 335 ; Plate XXV. 
Robledo ranch.— Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 
Robles ranch.— Page 335 ; Plate XXV. 
Rocky Point.— Page 393 ; Plate XXV. 
Rodriguez. — Plate XXV. A homestead in T. 14 S., R. 11 E., containing a 

represo. 
Ronstadt ranch.— Page 356 ; Plate XXV. 
Roskruge Mountains, well west of. — Plate XXV. A dug well 60 feet deep 

about 8 miles northwest of San Pedro. 
Ryans Tank. — A prospect hole that fills periodically with water. It lies in the 

Wellton Hills (PI. XXIII), but no information exists for locating it on the 

map. 
Sacaton.— Page 369 ; Plate XXV. 
Sahuarito.— Page 351 ; Plate XXV. 
Salina AVilliams represo. — Plate XXV. A small represo 2 miles southeast of 

Chulik. 
Salt Well.— Plate XXIV. Near Isabella mine. 
San Antone.— Page 372 ; Plate XXIV. 
Sand Tanks.— Page 386 ; Plate XXIV. 
San Fernando.— Page 356 ; Plate XXV. 
San Juan Spring. — Plate XXV. This spring supplies water for winter ranche- 

ria of San Juan (p. 392). 
San Juan, well north of. — Plate XXV. A dug well 80 feet deep with water 

50 feet from surface of ground. 
San Lorenzo. — Plate XXV. On north side of North Comobabi Mountains. 
San Luis ranch. — Plate XXV. A ranch 1£ miles east of Aguajita in T. 21 S.. 

R. 9 E., that has a dug well. 
San Miguel.— Page 392 ; Plate XXV. 
San Miguel Wells. — Plate XXV. Four dug wells 6 miles east of San Miguel 

are called San Miguel Wells. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 427 

San Pedro.— Page 335 ; Plate XXV. 

San Rafael.— Page 393 ; Plate XXIV. 

Santa Cruz. — Plate XXIV. A winter rancheria with three dug wells 2\ 

miles east of Nolic. 
Santa Cruz Cienega. — Plate XXIV. A swampy area of salt grass and mes- 

quite on the Santa Cruz between Maricopa and Gila Crossing. Water can 

be obtained at all times by digging. 
Santan.— Page 369 ; Plate XXV. 
Santa Rosa.— Page 372 ; Plate XXIV. 
Santa Rosa ranch.— Page 345 ; Plate XXV. 
Santa Rosa, represos south of. — Plate XXIV. These three represos with 

clusters of houses are south of Santa Rosa at distances of 1, 9, and 15 miles. 

There is no information as to how long they hold water. 
Santiagos Well. — Plate XXV. A dug' well 9 miles northeast of Komalik. 

It is 72 feet deep and water is 48 feet below the surface. There is another 

dug well 2 miles south. 
San Vicente.— Page 335 ; Plate XXV. 
San Xavier del Bac— Page 353 ; Plate XXV. 
Sasabe.— Page 356 ; Plate XXV. 
Sasabe, spring east of. — Plate XXV. A spring a mile east of Sasabe is shown 

on map of Mexican Boundary Survey. No information concerning its value 

is available. 
Sasco.— Page 367 ; Plate XXV. 
Sauceda.— Page 388 ; Plate XXIV. 
Saucito Spring. — Plate XXV. A spring on northwest slope of Chiminea 

Mountain, a mile north of Montana mine. This small spring sometimes 

goes dry. 
Saxton Dairy.— Page 351 ; Plate XXV. 
Schaef er Well.— Page 355 ; Plate XXV. 
Secundino Well.— Page 355 ; Plate XXV. 
Sentinel.— Page 339 ; Plate XXIII. 
Serventi Well.— Page 396 ; Plate XXIV. 
Serventi Well, charco near. — Page 396 ; Plate XXIV. 
Sheep Tank.— Plate XXIII. A rock tank on north side of Sheep Peak, 18 

miles by trail northwest of Bates Well. Water is found here for several 

months of the year. 
Sikulhimakt.— Page 346 ; Plate XXV. 
Silver Bell.— Page 354 ; Plate XXV. 
Silver Bell road, well on.— Page 354 ; Plate XXV. 
Simmons AVell.— Page 361 ; Plate XXV. 
Skoksonak. — Plate XXV. A Papago rancheria 5 miles northeast of Aguirre. 

No information is available regarding its water supply. 
Slate Mountains, well east of. — Plate XXV. A well about 17 miles west of 

Silver Bell, from which it is reached by road. It is shown on township plat, 

but no information is available in regard to its value as a watering place. 
Snaketown. — Plate XXV. An Indian village on north bank of Gila River 11 

miles west of Sacaton. 
Sonoqui's ranch. — Plate XXV. A ranch on Queen Creek, in sec. 27, T. 2 S., 

R. 7 E. There is a well 95 feet deep. 
Squaw Tit Peak, spring near. — Page 378; Plate XXIV. A spring 4 miles 

south of Stouts Well. 
Stanwix.— Page 339 ; Plate XXIII. 



42 S ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

Steele Well.— Page 414 ; Plate XXIV. 

Steel Tanks. — Plate XXIII. A locality 2$ miles southeast of Papago mine. 

Some prospectors once planted some steel tanks in the arroyo at this place to 

hold water, hence the name. 
Stevens.— Page 353 ; Plate XXV. 
Stout's ranch.— Page 390; Plate XXIV. 
Stouts Well.— Page 3S6 ; Plate XXIV. 
Stoval.— Page 339 ; Plate XXIII. 
Suimyside ranch. — Plate XXV. An uninhabited ranch with dug well and 

windmill, about 4 miles east of the Foreman ranch. 
Susuta.— Page 394 ; Plate XXIV. 
Sweetwater. — Plate XXV. An Indian village on north bank of Gila River 8 

miles west of Sacaton. 
Tartron.— Page 385 ; Plate XXIII. 
Tecolote.— Page 392 : Plate XXIV. 
Tempe.— Page 363 ; Plate XXV. 

Thomas Well.— Plate XXV. A dug well in T. 19 S., R. 8 E., used as a stock- 
watering place by the La Osa Land & Cattle Co. 
Thumb Butte, springs south of. — Plate XXV. The most northern of these 

springs is alongside of the Nogales-Arivaca road and is mentioned on page 

359 ; the most southern is 1\ miles south of the butte. 
Tinajas Altas.— Page 405 ; Plate XXIII. 
Tinajas de Don Diego. — See Don Diego Tanks. 
Toapit.— Page 388 ; Plate XXIV. 
Toltec— Page 366 ; Plate XXV. 
Tonukvo.— Page 396 ; Plate XXIV. 
Topahua. — Page 392; Plate XXV. In addition to the Indian Service well 

there is a represo. 
Totobit Tanks.— Page 378 ; Plate XXIV. 
Tres Bellotas. — Plate XXV. A stock-watering place on the Mexican boundary 

10 miles east of Sasabe. There are two wells here about a mile apart. 
Tubac— Page 351 ; Plate XXV. 
Tucson.— Page 334 ; Plate XXV. 
Tucsoncito.— Page 392 ; Plate XXV. 
Tucson- Yuma road, charco on portion between Pisinemo and Charco en 

3Iedio.— Page 337 ; Plate XXIV. 
Tule Tank.— Page 405 ; Plate XXIII. 
Tule Well. — Page 404; Plate XXIII. Watering place on the Camino del 

Diablo. 
Tule Well. — Page 414; Plate XXIV. Four miles west of Cardigan. 
Tully Well. — Plate XXV. A stock-watering place \\ miles south of San Luis 

ranch in T. 21 S., R. 9 E. 
Tumacacori Mission. — Page 351 ; Plate XXV. 
Twin Buttes.— Page 353 ; Plate XXV. 
Vamori. — Page 393; Plate XXV. In addition to Indian Service well there is 

a large represo. 
Vasquez. — Plate XXV. A small ranch 6 miles north of Picacho. Nothing is 

known of its water supply. 
Vekol.— Page 387 ; Plate XXIV. 

Vekol Valley, water hole in.— Page 378 ; Plate XXIV. 

Ventana. — Page 392 ; Plate XXV. At this rancheria there are three dug wells. 
Ventana Ranch Well.— Plate XXV. A drilled well, 2\ miles west of Chulik, 

which has been abandoned for many years. 



PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 429 

Verdugo Well. — Plate XXV. A well 9 miles north of Picacho. It is shown on 

township plat, but there is no other information concerning it. 
Wakefield ranch.— Page 366 ; Plate XXV. 
Walls Well.— Page 348 ; Plate XXIV. 
Walnut Well.— Page 347 ; Plate XXV. 

Ward. — Plate XXV. A locality at which it is presumed that water may be ob- 
tained. 
Warren. — Plate XXIV. A locality in cove between Baboquivari and Coyote 

mountains. There is said to be a well here. 
Warren Brothers Wells. — Page 335; Plate XXV. There are three of these 

wells. 
Warsaw. — Plate XXV. An old mining settlement Sh miles south of Austerlitz. 

There is a small spring fed by an old reservoir filled with sediment. It con- 
tains sufficient water for a few cattle and prospectors. 
Weaver Well.— Page 366 ; Plate XXV. 
Weldon mine, wells near. Plate XXIV. These wells are located in the canyon 

leading from San Antonio and are all dug wells. The traveler will probably 

need a bucket and rope to get water. 
W T ellton.— Page 339; Plate XXIII. 
Wetmore's ranch. — Plate XXV. One of a number of ranches along Rillito 

Creek. All have wells. 
White Tanks. — Plate XXIV. Small rock tanks on east side of railroad just 

north of gap through which it crosses the end of the Crater Mountains. 

The tanks hold water for only a month or two after rains. 
Whites Well.— Page 415; Plate XXIII. 
Whites Well. — Plate XXIV. A well 2 miles west of Isabella mine. It is not 

known whether this well has been completed or not. It is a doubtful water 

supply. 
Wickchoupai. — Plate XXV. A winter rancheria and two dug wells 2 miles 

south of Santa Cruz. 
Williamson Store. — Page 381 ; Plate XXIV. Abandoned store, dug well ; may 

be without equipment to obtain water. 
Willow Spring. — Plate XXV. A spring in Piskorski Canyon 6 miles southwest 

of Tumacacori Mission. There is an unnamed spring a mile northwest of 

Willow Spring. 
Wymola.— Page 366 ; Plate XXV. 
Yanks Spring. — Plate XXV. A spring on the east side of Cobre Ridge 1§ 

miles west of Oro Blanco. The spring is permanent and sufficient for 250 

head of cattle. 
Yuma.— Page 339 ; Plate XXIII. 
Yuma, wells south of. — Plate XXIII. 
Yuma, windmill east of. — Plate XXIII. 

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